Biology 20 > Chapter 3+4 Unit Test > Flashcards

Chapter 3+4 Unit Test Flashcards

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1
Q

Micro Evolution

A

Variation within a species

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2
Q

Speciation

A

Long term micro evolution that isolates populations over time to create two similar species

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3
Q

Microbial evolution

A

Viruses, bacteria and bacteria and single celled organisms evolution

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4
Q

Macroevolution

A

major groups changing into new organisms

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5
Q

chemical evolution

A

origin of life , abiogenesis: nature can create life through chemicals alone

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6
Q

Coevolution

A

the joint evolution of two or more systems that interact with each other (bees and flowers)

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7
Q

Divergent evolution

A

newly developed species becoming different over time (from a common ancestor)

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8
Q

convergent evolution

A

the evolution of two different groups of organisms so that they closely resemble one another (from different ancestors)

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9
Q

Adaption

A

A physical feature, behavior or physiological process that helps and organism survive and reproduce in an environment

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10
Q

Physical adaption

A

structural differences (ex: Sharp claws, webbed feet)

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11
Q

Behavioral adaption

A

differences in how an organism acts (ex: hibernation, migration, being nocturnal)

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12
Q

Physiological process

A

Refers to the inner workings of an organism (ex: Production of venom, blood clotting mechanisms, antifreeze proteins)

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13
Q

Variation

A

Visible or invisible differences that help a population or individual survive

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14
Q

invisible variation Ex

A

Blood type, chromosomes

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15
Q

Mutations

A

changes in the genetic material (DNA) in an organism

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16
Q

Mutations causes

A

Error in cell production or exposure to chemicals

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17
Q

Natural Selection

A

the process through which a population changes to better survive their environment (Selection pressures must be present)

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18
Q

Buffon (4)

A
  • lifeforms are not unchanging and perfect - similarities between humans and apes
  • no mechanism for how changes occurred
  • Believed world older than 6000 yrs
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19
Q

Cuvier (2)

A
  • Developed the law of Superposition: unique organisms in layers of rock (older organisms in older rocks farther down).
  • natural events shaped the earth and caused extinctions (catastrophism)
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20
Q

Lyell (4)

A
  • earth was slowly and continuously changing
  • big changes over time (not due to catastrophes)
  • inspired darwin
  • earth older than 6000 years
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21
Q

Lamarck (2)

A
  • species changing over time in the fossil records (increasing in complexity)
  • Species change over time based on use or disuse of features
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22
Q

Malthus

A
  • populations produce more offering that survive
  • Taught darwin that species must compete to survive
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23
Q

Darwin and Wallace

A
  • populations change over time
  • beneficial traits are passed on
  • Competition creates selective advantages
  • co-developed natural selection theory
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24
Q

Fossil record proof of evolution (3)

A
  1. fossils in younger rock more resemble todays species
  2. fossils are in chronological order
  3. not all organisms are in the fossil record at the same time (evolutionary changes)
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25
Bio-geography proof of evolution (3)
1. evolution of very similar species in different parts of the world shows how and when they evolved 2. animals on island are similar to those on closest coast 3. fossils of similar species on coasts of continents across the sea 4. closely related species exist in different habitats
26
Anatomy evidence of evolution
Homologous structures have similar structures and origin but different functions (Ex: Human arm vs bat wing vs dolphin fin - all VERY different organisms have same limb structure)
27
Analogous Structures
perform a similar function even though they do not have a common evolutionary origin (Ex: bird wings vs dragonfly wings vs bat wings)
28
Embryology proof of evolution
closely related organisms go through similar stages in their embryonic development, looking very very similar in the beginning (Ex: Fish, reptile, bird and human embryos all have what look like gill slits and tails in early development)
29
Molecular Biology proof of evolution
Very different species share many of the same genes (Ex: humans share 96-98% of genes with chimps and 47% with fruit flies)
30
Genetics proof of evolution
Genes are passed on and evolve, and many different species possess common genes
31
Proof of Evolution (6)
- The fossil record - Biogeography - Anatomy - Embryology - Molecular biology - Genetics
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Transformation
new species as a result of accumulated changes in a population over time and replaces the old species
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Divergence
One or more species arise from one parent who continues to exist
34
Isolation
Keeping populations separate and causing speciation
35
Geographical isolation
Physical barriers between species (Ex: mountains, rivers, lava flows)
36
Biological Isolation
Behavior differences that prevent interbreeding (Ex: unique mating calls)
37
Reproductive isolation
Breeding cycles out of sync
38
Adaptive radiation
diversification of a common ancestral species, all of which are differently adapted (Ex: Darwins finches)
39
Pace of evolution Models
1. Gradualism 2. Punctuated equilibrium
40
Gradualism
Slow and steady linear changes over time.
41
Punctuated equilibrium
long periods of balance interrupted by periods of speciation
42
Theory of evolution by natural selection (4)
1. Life forms have developed from ancestral species 2. all living things are related through common decent 3. all living things on earth have a common origin/ancestor 4. Random heritable mutations are responsible for evolution
43
Aristotle
Places living things into two categories: plants (by stem type) and animals (by habitat)
44
Taxonomy
Classifying things
45
Linnaeus
Divided kingdoms into smaller and smaller groups (led to binomial nomenclature)
46
Tropic levels (from broadest to most specific)
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
47
Binomial Nomenclature
Naming organisms using their Genus - Species
48
When is something a species
It's complicated The general rule is they are the same species when they create fertile offspring
49
Name the Domains (3)
Domain Archea Domain Bacteria Domain Eukarya
50
Domain Eukarya Subgroups (4)
Fungi Protista Plantae Animalia
51
Domain Archea Traits (5)
- No nucleus - Asexual - Auto + hetero - Unicellular - Lives in extreme conditions
52
Domain Bacteria traits (5)
- No nucleus - Asexual - Auto + hetero - Unicellular - Recycles nutrients
53
Domain Eukarya traits (1)
Complex organisms that contain cells with a nucleus
54
Fungi Traits (5)
-nucleus - Sexual + asexual - Hetero + decomp - Mostly unicellular - Cell wall (made of chitin)
55
Protista Traits (5)
- Nucleus - Mostly Asexual - Hetero + auto - Mostly unicellular - live in water
56
Plantae Traits (5)
- Nucleus - asexual - auto - multicellular - cell wall made of cellulose
57
Animalia traits (4)
- Nucleus - mostly sexual - Hetero - Multicellular
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Dichotomous Keys
a branched or stepped process to help identify organisms using pairs of descriptions
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Biomes
Places on earth with their own unique precipitation and temperature
60
Habitat
61
Range
The geographical area where an organism is found Ex: Hoary market has food has food and home in high altitudes
62
Niche
The role of organisms in their ecosystems Ex: Barnicle species that differ based on depth
63
Abiotic limiting factors
Determines what is available in an ecosystem (limits populations) Ex: Soil type, humidity, temperature
64
Biotic limiting factors
Limits population growth through predation, competition and parasites
65
Interspecific competition
Competition over specific requirements between different species with different adaptions
66
Intraspecific
Competition over all requirements between the same species with similar adaptions
67
Predator Prey cycles
the "out of sync" relationship with the boom and bust of predator and prey populations (prey goes up, predator follows)
68
distribution patterns
Clumped ... ... ... Uniform . . . . . . . Random . . . . .
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Biology 20
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