Phonetic transcription
systems were devised to document real actualizations of speech events.
broad transcription or phonemic transcription
is based on the phoneme system of the particular language; each symbol represents a phoneme.
- the symbols are placed within slashes / /
ex: / p /
virgules
the symbols are placed within slashes / /
ex: / p /
narrow transcription or phonetic transcription
records the sound units with as much production detail as possible
- use of both the broad classification system noted in the IPA and extra symbols, which can be added to give a particular phonetic value
- the symbols are placed within brackets [ ]. For example, [th] would be a narrow transcription exemplifying a sound unit [t] with aspiration [h].
diacritics
additional symbols may be added to the basic sound units to characterize allophonic variation
- marks added to sound transcription symbols to give them a particular phonetic value
[d̪]
[d̪] = dentalized [d]
- he tongue approaches the upper incisors
- Dentalized s-sounds, [s̪] and [z̪], frequently occur in the speech of children
[s^j]
[sj] = palatalized [s]
- Only sounds for which the palate is not the place of articulation can be palatalized
[kulɣ]
kulɣ] = velarized [l]-sound
- more posterior tongue placement (in the direction of the velum) for palatal sounds
[ɬɪp]
[sɪp] → [ɬɪp] = a lateralized [s]
- [l] is the only lateral in General American English
- air is released laterally, we speak of lateralization
Problems with s-Sounds
Dentalized, palatalized, and lateralized [s] realizations are frequent distortions noted in children
Devoicing of Voiced Consonants
In cases of total devoicing, the IPA symbol for the voiceless counterpart of the voiced sound
[tip] for “deep” from /d/ to /t/ in “deep.”
̥ )
Partial Devoicing
the sound in question is only partially devoiced. This is considered an allophonic variation of the voiced consonant
- initial devoicing [] (the parenthesis is on the left)
- final devoicing [] (the parenthesis is on the right).
Voicing of Voiceless Consonants
If voiceless consonants become totally voiced, the phoneme value has changed and the segment is transcribed with the respective symbol
[eɪtin] → [eɪdin]
( ̬ o r ̬)
Partial Voicing
- voiceless consonants become partially voiced
Initial and final partial voicing are respectively.
[tʱ]
Aspiration
- The strong burst of breath that accompanies the release of the articulatory closure in plosives typically leads to aspiration
[p=aɪ]
Nonaspiration of Plosives
- Voiceless plosives that are normally aspirated may be produced without this aspiration
[˺]
Unreleased plosives result when the articulatory closure is maintained and not—as usual—released
- typically occur at the end of an utterance or at the end of one-word responses.
[bɔɪ wʌz ɪt hɑt˺]
[ fɪʃnˌ ]
Syllabic consonants
- If the vowel nucleus is reduced, the following consonant becomes a syllabic; that is, it becomes the peak of that syllable.
[ sʷup]
labialized consonants
- a normally unrounded [s]—is produced with lip rounding, this is referred to as labializing the sound in question.
- The diacritic for labialized consonants is a superscript w placed to the right of the symbol in question
nonlabialization
nonlabialization
- When consonants that are normally rounded (such as [ʃ] and [w]) are produced without lip rounding, this is considered nonlabialization
- labial spreading [↔] is placed under the symbol in question [] to indicate nonlabialization.
Derhotacization
the loss of r-coloring typically for the central vowels with r-coloring, [ɝ] and [ɚ].
- the [ r ] can also lose r-coloring making it sound like a [ w ]
[ ̹u ] = unrounded [u]
[ ̜ ɛ ] = rounded [ɛ]
- indicates unrounding (or less rounding than is considered normal) when open to the right
- c is reversed, creating an opening to the left, it denotes rounding (or more rounding than is normally the case):
Raised or Lowered Tongue Position
signals the direction of tongue heights on the vertical plane, leading to deviations from norm vowel productions.
- ̝ under the character marks a higher elevation of the tongue than is normally the case for the production of the vowel in question.
- ̞ under the vowel symbol marks a lower elevation
Advanced or Retracted Tongue Position
indicate a tongue position that is too far forward or too far back for a normal production of the vowel in question
- [ + ] tongue more advanced than usual
- [ - ] More retracted protrusions are marked by the diacritic
