Group experimental designs evaluate if the behavior of a treatment group (IV _____) is statistically significantly different from that of a control group (IV _____). If so the difference is attributed to the IV.
On, Off
Four weaknesses of group experimental designs.
- No one wants to be in the control group.
- By focusing on the group we are not focused on the experience of the individual.
- The behavior of the treatment and control groups will vary because the people assigned to the groups are different.
- They rely on inferential statistics to evaluate if the IV changed behavior.
________-_______ experimental designs expose individuals to baseline (IV OFF) and experimental (IV ON) phases to determine if the IV systematically and reliably changes behavior.
Single-subject
When an experiment provides clear evidence that a functional relation exists between the independent variable and behavior change, the experiment has ____ ______.
Internal validity
Confounds
Variables that influence a behavior in an experiment but are not controlled by the researcher.
Four types of single subject experiment designs
- Comparison (AB): it arranges a baseline (IV off) and an experimental (IV ON)
- Reversal Design (ABA): the individuals behavior is evaluated repeatedly alternating baseline and experimental phases
- Alternating Treatments design: is a variation on the reversal design where IV is turned on and off rapidly to evaluate if this is systematically (predictably?) and repeatedly changing behavior
- Multiple baseline design: evaluates the functional relation between an independent variable and behavior by conducting a series of time-staggered AB comparisons either across: behaviors/situations/individuals
When the time staggered AB replications are conducted across behaviors, the design is called a ______-_______ ________-________ design.
multiple-baseline across-behaviors design.
In _________ experimental designs, the focus is on the behavior of the group, not the individual.
Group
In group experimental designs, inferential __________ are used to decide if behavior change when the independent variable was manipulated.
Statistics
In a ______-_______ experiemental design, the focus is on the behavior of the individual, not the group.
Single-subject
When an experiment demonstrates that behavior changed because the independent variable was turned on and off, that experiment has high _______ ________.
Internal validity
If another variable changed when the independent variable was manipulated, that other variable could explain why behavior changed. That other variable is referred to as a ___________.
Confound
Good experiments are those that can rule out confounds. These experiments have high ______ ________.
Internal validity
When confounds cannot be ruled out, the experiment has _______ internal validity.
Low
In the _________ design, behavior is compared between a baseline and a single intervention phase.
comparison or AB
Comparison designs are often referred to as quasi-experimental designs because they do not rule out _________ by repeatedly demonstrating that the IV has a systemic effect to behavior.
Confounds
In the graph to the right, there is a systematic increasing __________ in behavior during the baseline phase.
Trend
In single-subject experimental design, it is always true that every individual will experience the _______ and experimental phases.
Baseline
In single-subject experimental design, internal validity is assessed through _________.
Replication
The _______-_______ design is used either when it would be unethical to turn off the IV or when the IV is anticipated to produce lasting effects.
Single-subject
Two of the single-subject experimental designs establish internal validity by turning ON and then OFF the IV. The first of these is the _________ design, the second is ______-_______.
Reversal, alternating-treatments
In a _______-_______ design, the effects of the IV may be replicated across behaviors, situations, or individuals.
Multiple baseline
