AP100 (Frida) > Chapter 3 Cell Structure > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Cell Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

cell physiology

A

study of the function of the cell

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2
Q

Seven functions of cells

A

1) regulation of transport of substances ACROSS their surface

2) transportation of substances BETWEEN cells

3) production of proteins, dictated by genes

4) cellular respiration and formation of ATP

5) other anabolic and catabolic reactions

6) waste removal

7) movement of cells/parts of the cell

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3
Q

Three main components of the cell

A

1) plasma/cell membrane: selectively permeable/ semi-permeable

2) cytoplasm: cytosol + organelles

3) nucleus

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4
Q

fluid mosaic arrangement of cell membrane

A

mosaic: refers to many small parts fitting together

fluid: proteins seem to float in sea of lipids, which can move around and exchange places within their layers

fluidity useful for: repair, growth, vesicular transport

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5
Q

Components of a cell membrane

A
  • lipids
  • proteins
  • carbohydrates (not alone but with lipids and proteins)
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6
Q

What are the three membrane lipids?

A

1) Phospholipids

2) Glycolipids

3) Cholesterol

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7
Q

Amphipathic

A

containing polar and non-polar ends

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8
Q

Polar side of phospholipid

A

the phosphorous/glycerol head, hydrophilic

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9
Q

non-polar side of phospholipid

A

the tail, two fatty acid chains, hydrophobic

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10
Q

What are glycolipids?

A
  • lipids possessing small, sometimes branched carbohydrate chains
  • comprise about 5% of membrane lipid content
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11
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

lipid made up of 4 carbon rings

in membranes, found in both inner and outer layers, can can add strength but decreases flexibility

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12
Q

proteins are ______ inserted into the phospholipid ______

A

individually, bilayer

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13
Q

proteins in the membrane determine the ____ of the membrane

A

functions

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14
Q

membranes of each organelle have unique _____

A

proteins

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15
Q

Two types of membrane proteins

A

1) Integral/ transmembrane proteins

2) Peripheral proteins

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16
Q

Integral proteins

A

embedded in the membrane and may span both lipid layers

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17
Q

glycoproteins

A

Most of the integral proteins, consist of protein and a sugar, with the sugar portion facing the extracellular fluid

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18
Q

peripheral proteins

A

proteins not imbedded in the bilayer and found in the inner/outer surface of the membrane

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19
Q

Six functions of the membrane proteins

A

1) channels: integral proteins allow for diffusion through their pores when some substances can’t get through the bilayer

2) transporters: integral change shape and can carry larger polar substances, requires energy

3) receptors: integral proteins can act as binding sites for hormones, neurotransmitters, or nutrients

4) enzymes: integral proteins AND peripheral proteins can serve as enzymes

5) linker: integral + peripheral proteins can serve as anchors for cytoskeleton filaments or can attach the cell to neighbouring cells

6) cell identity markers: glycolipids and glycoproteins are used in this way, ex. determining blood type from cell identity markers on the surface of blood cells

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20
Q

ligands

A

substances which bind receptors

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21
Q

if the plasma membrane was _______, then the internal cytosol composition would be the same as the external interstitial fluid composition

A

permeable

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22
Q

what is concentration gradient?

A

the difference in concentrations (higher or lower) of ions, molecules, etc. between the inside and outside of the cell due to the selectively permeable membrane

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23
Q

Types of membrane transport

A
  • passive transport
  • active transport
  • mediated transport
  • non-mediated transport
  • vesicular transport
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24
Q

passive transport

A

movement of substances down gradients (high to low) through kinetic energy of molecules

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25
active transport
movement of substances AGAINST (low to high), requires ATP
26
mediated transport
use of transporter proteins to move substances through the membrane
27
non-mediated transport
substances move through membrane without the need of transport proteins
28
vesicular transport
tiny spherical vesicles detach or merge with the cell membrane to carry larger substances in/out of the cell
29
Mechanisms for passive transport
- osmosis - diffusion - facilitated diffusion
30
osmosis
movement of water from a high to low concentration area through a selectively permeable membrane
31
lower water concentration= ______ solute concentration
higher
32
diffusion
passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients
33
What can make diffusion rates faster?
- high concentration difference on either side - higher temperature - molecules are small - large surface area for diffusion - thin site of diffusion - non-polar hydrophobic molecules diffusing through lipid bilayer
34
polar substances require ____ ____ for diffusion, where they pass through their ____
membrane proteins, channels (of the proteins)
35
facilitated diffusion
solute binds to a specific transporter on one side of membrane and released on the other
36
phagocytosis
- aka endocytosis -"cell eating" - type of active transport mechanism that used vesicular transport
37
phagosome
vesicle formed after a white blood cell engulfs cell debris/bacteria/viruses
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exocytosis
export of substances from secretory vesicles to the outside of the cell, vesicle fuses with cell membrane and dumps the contents
39
transcytosis
movement through a cell using vesicles i.e. antibodies crossing placenta from mom's blood to fetus' blood
40
cytosol
thick and semifluid portion of the cytoplasm outside the nucleus, 75-90% water with dissolved solutes like amino acids, enzymes, etc.
41
cytoskeleton
provides cell shape, movement, and mechanical support through filaments: 1) microfilaments 2) intermediate filaments 3)microtubules
42
organelles travel along ____ _____
cytoskeleton fibres
43
microfilaments
- built from actin molecules - support shape of cell, movement within the cell and of the entire cell itself
44
intermediate filaments
- made up of different proteins - support and help anchor organelles like the nucleus ex. keratin
45
microtubules
- made of tubulin proteins - contribute to shape and support of cells - larger than microfilaments - makeup monorail system for the movement of organelles and even the separation of chromosomes during cell division
46
cilia vs flagella
cilia= numerous, short, hairlike projections flagella= longer, usually for locomotion ex. sperm tails both: composed of microtubules
47
centrosomes
- dense areas of cytoplasm near the nucleus two parts: 1) pericentriolar region 2) centrioles
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pericentriolar region
area of cytosol surrounding the centrioles with dense protein fibres
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centrioles
- paired cylinders arranged at right angles to one another - centres for organizing microtubules to form mitotic spindle - made of microtubules but arrangement is different from the one of the mitotic spibdle
50
ribosomes
- produce proteins - most numerous organelles - free floating or attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum - have ribosomal RNA - produced in nucleolus
51
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
membranous network with phospholipid bilayer and embedded macromolecules, continuous with nuclear envelope, rough and smooth
52
smooth ER
- lacks ribosomes - site of fatty acid and phospholipid synthesis - have enzymes (involved in processes such as detoxifying drugs such as alcohol and pesticides )
53
sarcoplasmic reticulum
specialized smooth ER in skeletal muscle cells involved in calcium ion release and uptake during muscle contractions
54
rough ER
have many bound ribosomes involved in protein synthesis that get released from the cell (secretory proteins) and to be inserted into membranes (membrane proteins)
55
golgi complex
membranous organelles composed of cisterns, stacks of flattened bags of membranes, surrounded by tiny vesicles receives, packages, and is the distributing centre for proteins and lipids sent to plasma membrane, lysosomes, or secretory vesicles
56
lysosome
- membrane-bound vesicles released by golgi complex - contain hydrolytic enzymes used to digest macromolecules ex carbohydrates and protein - involved in phagocytosis
57
enzymes in lysosomes work in _____ environments, with a pH of ___.
acidic, 5
58
the membrane of lysosomes is ________ to digestive enzymes, except for lysosomes used in _______ and ______/programmed cell death
impervious, autolysis, apoptosis
59
autolysis
destruction of host cell
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tay-sachs disease
disorder of lysosome function, enzyme that break down a certain lipid is absent, therefore lipid accumulates in the brain, death by age 5
61
peroxisomes
- vesicles, smaller than lysosomes - located in liver cells - contain enzymes which oxidize fatty acids, amino acids, and taxic organic substances ie. alcohol - contains catalase enzyme to decompose peroxide (toxic)
62
proteasomes
- vesicles smaller than peroxisomes - contain protease enzymes that break down proteins - once enzyme in cytosol has carried out it's function, proteasome degrades it
63
Mitochondria
site of aerobic respiration, ATP is generated through break down of glucose in the presence of oxygen contain their own DNA an replicate INDEPENDENT of the nucleus
64
Two membranes of mitochondria
1) outer: smooth and regular, enclosing the organelle 2) inner: highly folded, forming cristae, folding creates high surface area for membrane bound enzymes for cell respiration
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Two internal compartments of mitochondria
1) intermembrane space between the mitochondria's two membranes 2) mitochondrial matrix (fluid) enclosed by the inner membrane
66
Nucleus
- control centre of the cell - controls protein synthesis - largest organelle - contains DNA packaged as chromosomes - surrounded by nuclear envelope - contains nucleolus
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chromatin
DNA, when cell isn't dividing, it is thin and diffused
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nuclear envelope
composed of phospholipid bilayer contain nuclear pores (they are large) that permit ions and water soluble molecules and mRNA to pass
69
nucleolus
involved in the synthesis of ribosomes
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order of protein synthesis
1) replication, in nucleus 2) transcription, in nucleus, mRNA 3) translation, in cytoplasm= protein
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transcription
transcribing/copying DNA nucleotide sequences of a gene into mRNA nucleotide sequence DNA unzips and only one strand serves as a template for mRNA
72
sense strand
the one strand of DNA used to transcribe into mRNA
73
Translation
translating nucleotide sequence of mRNA into an amino acid sequence to form a protein(s)
74
where does translation take place?
In the ribosomes in the cytosol or the rough ER
75
tRNA
- transfer RNA -Macromolecule that facilitates translation of mRNA into a polypeptide - each posses an amino acid for a specific sequence on a codon
76
codon
specific sequence of 3mRNA nucleotides read together
77
amino acids on adjacent tRNA are joined together by ____ ____ to form polypeptides
peptide bonds
78
______ code for the 20 different amino acids
codons
79
gene
sequence of nucleotides on a chromosome coding for a specific protein
80
alleles
the two copies of a gene that come from parent's gametes
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homozygous
two alleles are the same
82
heterozygous
two alleles are different
83
DNA mutations cause ____ alleles
mutant
84
recessive disorder
requires homozygous alleles to exhibit the disorder (mutant copies from both parents)
85
carrier
person with one mutant and one regular copy of the gene, but does not have the disease
86
dominant disorder
require heterozygous alleles for disorder to present only one affected parents needs to pass the mutant gene
AP100 (Frida)
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