Chapter 3 nut

Question 1

1. Mouth

Answer 1

Chews food, mixes with saliva, begins carbohydrate digestion.

Question 2

2. Esophagus

Answer 2

Transfers food from mouth to stomach (bolus); esophageal sphincter prevents reflux.

Question 3

3. Stomach

Answer 3

Produces gastric juice (HCl and enzymes) to digest proteins; churns food into chyme.

Question 4

4. Small Intestine (Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum)

Answer 4

Main site of digestion and absorption; receives digestive enzymes from pancreas and bile from liver.

Question 5

5. Large Intestine

Answer 5

Absorbs water, minerals, and houses gut bacteria.

Question 6

6. Rectum

Answer 6

Stores waste before elimination.

Question 7

7. Anus

Answer 7

Controls excretion of waste.

Question 8

• Pancreas

Answer 8

Produces digestive enzymes (carbohydrase, protease, lipase) and bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid.

Question 9

• Liver

Answer 9

Produces bile for fat digestion.

Question 10

• Gallbladder

Answer 10

Stores and releases bile into the small intestine.

Question 11

1. Saliva

Answer 11

Moistens food, begins carbohydrate digestion, contains antibacterial enzymes.

Question 12

2. Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)

Answer 12

Kills bacteria, activates pepsin for protein digestion.

Question 13

3. Pepsin

Answer 13

Breaks down proteins into peptides.

Question 14

4. Pancreatic Juices

Answer 14

Contains enzymes (carbohydrase, protease, lipase) and bicarbonate to neutralize acid.

Question 15

5. Bile

Answer 15

Emulsifies fat for digestion by lipases.

Question 16

Function of Bile

Answer 16

• Emulsification: Breaks down fat into smaller droplets, making it easier for enzymes (lipase) to digest.
• Produced by: Liver
• Stored in: Gallbladder
• Released into: Small intestine

Question 17

Nutrient Transport in the Small Intestine
Absorption Methods:

Answer 17

1. Simple Diffusion – Water and small lipids pass freely.
2. Facilitated Diffusion – Water-soluble vitamins require a carrier protein.
3. Active Transport – Glucose and amino acids need a carrier and energy.

Question 18

• Transport Systems:

Answer 18

o Portal Vein (Liver) Circulation: Water-soluble nutrients (glucose, amino acids, small fats) go to the liver first.
o Lymphatic System: Fat-soluble nutrients bypass the liver and enter the bloodstream via the lymphatic system.

Question 19

Fiber Digestion in Large Intestine & Probiotics

Answer 19

• Fiber is not digested but is fermented by gut bacteria in the colon.
• Probiotics: Beneficial bacteria that support gut health.
  o Examples: Yogurt, fermented foods.
• Prebiotics: Foods that feed probiotics (fiber-rich foods like bananas, onions).

Question 20

Constipation

Answer 20

Low fiber, dehydration, inactivity

Increase fiber, water, exercise

Question 21

Choking

Answer 21

Food lodged in trachea

Heimlich maneuver

Question 22

Heartburn (GERD)

Answer 22

Acid reflux due to weak esophageal sphincter

Avoid trigger foods, antacids, eat small meals

Question 23

Diarrhea

Answer 23

Infection, IBS, food intolerance

Stay hydrated, probiotics, medication if needed

Question 24

Vomiting

Answer 24

Food poisoning, motion sickness

Rehydration, small frequent meals

Question 25

Peptic Ulcers

Answer 25

H. pylori bacteria, NSAID overuse, stress Antibiotics, acid-reducing meds

Question 26

Diverticulosis

Answer 26

Low fiber diet High-fiber diet, fluids