chapter 3-physical changes

Question 1

biological theories of aging: rate of living

Answer 1

limited amount of energy; excess calories lead to reduced lifespan; hormonal regulatory system adaptation to stress-cortisol increases (high levels-weight gain, trouble sleeping, greater rates of depression, decreased libido)

Question 2

biological theories of aging: free radicals

Answer 2

highly reactive chemical produced randomly in normal metabolism; robbing helthy cells to satisfy themselves; antioxidants to protect us; also from environment (radiation, smoking, pollution, UV light)

Question 3

biological theories of aging: programmed cell death theory

Answer 3

cells programmed to self-destruct; osteoarthritis, changes in brain cells, alzheimers, memory loss, personality changes

Question 4

biological theories of aging: hayflick limit

Answer 4

limited number of times a cell can divide; telomers shorten and eventually cell division stops

Question 5

biological theories of aging: cross linking

Answer 5

Certain proteins in human cells interact randomly and produce molecules that are linked in such a way as to make the body stiffer; reduce sugars to slow process down

Question 6

3 approaches to slow or reverse aging process

Answer 6

1. delay chronic illnesses of old age
2. slow fundamental process of aging to increase life span
3. arrest or reverse aging by removing damage caused by metabolic process

Question 7

changes in skin: why does skin wrinkle

Answer 7

1. outer layer becomes thinner, more fragile
2. collagen fibers lose flexibility
3. elastin fibers lose ability to keep skin stretched
4. underlying layer of fat diminishes

Question 8

changes in skin: counteract effects of sun

Answer 8

sunscreen, creams for face, smoking

Question 9

changes in skin: other skin changes

Answer 9

pigment containing cells decrease, age spots/moles, varicose veins

Question 10

changes in hair: caused by

Answer 10

destruction of germ centers that protect hair follicles

Question 11

changes in hair: women gain

Answer 11

facial hair

Question 12

changes in voice

Answer 12

lowering in pitch, increased breathlessness and trembling, slower and less pronounces, decreased volume, weaker

Question 13

changes in body build

Answer 13

decreases in height and fluctuations of weight (men lose 1 in, women lose 2 in)

Question 14

changes in mobility: muscle

Answer 14

first start to lose muscle mass at 70; 20% of strength at 70, 40% at 80, no difference in rate in men an dwomen, muscle endurance diminished

Question 15

changes in mobility:bones

Answer 15

loss begins in late 30s, accelerates in 50s, slows in 70s; women more susceptible; osteoporosis (loss of bone mass)

Question 16

changes in mobility: bones-osteoporosis prevention

Answer 16

1. weight bearing exercises
2. strength training
3. calcium/vitamin D
4. reduce alcohol, smoking
5. use of bisphosphonates
6. supplements-zinc, magnesium, flouride, estrogen

Question 17

changes in mobility:joints-normal

Answer 17

normal joints have fluid and cartilage to protect bones from rubbing

Question 18

changes in mobility:joints-osteoarthritis

Answer 18

bone to bone, nothing in between

Question 19

changes in mobility:joints-rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 19

lots of swelling; hot to the touch, painful, sensitive

Question 20

pain management techniques

Answer 20

medicine, exercise, compresses, use of devices, surgery, complementary and alternative medicines (CAM)-yoga/meditation, acupuncture, biofeedback, CBT

Question 21

cycle of pain

Answer 21

1. chronic pain
2. decreased activity/deconditioning
3. negative emotions
4. avoidance/withdrawal
5. distress/disability

Question 22

costs of inactivity

Answer 22

more pain, poor physical fitness, less time socializing, depressed mood, increased irritability, lower self esteem, increased strain on relationships, decreased quality of life

Question 23

vision changes: structural changes in the ey

Answer 23

decrease the amount of light that comes in; lens becomes yellow and distorts vision

Question 24

vision changes: adaptation

Answer 24

light and dark

Question 25

vision changes: color discrimination

Answer 25

lens becomes more yellow, hard to tell color apart

Question 26

vision changes: presbyopia

Answer 26

impaired ability to adjust and focus--glasses

Question 27

vision changes: cataracts

Answer 27

spots on the lens, limit amount of light coming in--surgery

Question 28

vision changes: glaucoma

Answer 28

fluid in the eye increases pressure and loss of vision

Question 29

vision changes: retinal changes

Answer 29

macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy

Question 30

hearing

Answer 30

damage due to loud environments; hearing aids, behavioral strategies

Question 31

presbycusis

Answer 31

inability to hear higher pitches due to damage to receptor cells and auditory nerves; cumulative effects of noise and normative age related changes crease the most common hearing problem; sensorineural or conductive

Question 32

loss of touch

Answer 32

parts of the body that are farther away from the heart are more numb

Question 33

kinesthesis

Answer 33

perception of body movements

Question 34

balance

Answer 34

changes in the white matter; vestibular system (fear falling, dizzy, lightheaded, vertigo)

Question 35

taste and smell

Answer 35

don't lose taste buds, inability to taste

Question 36

first flavors to go

Answer 36

salty and sweet

Question 37

smells and other memory cues are indicators of

Answer 37

alzheimer's

Question 38

accumulation of fat deposits and stiffening of heart muscles is what system

Answer 38

cardiovascular

Question 39

gender differences in cardiovascular disease

Answer 39

diets, strain on heart, stress

Question 40

congestive heart failutre

Answer 40

cardiac output and ability of the heart to contract severely decline, work of veins increase and body swells; heart pumps too hard

Question 41

angina pectois

Answer 41

oxygen supply to the heart becomes insufficient; tightness in chest

Question 42

myocardial infarction (MI)

Answer 42

heart attack

Question 43

atherosclerosis

Answer 43

fat build up and calcification around the heart

Question 44

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

Answer 44

stroke (FAST-face, arm, speech, time)

Question 45

hypertension

Answer 45

high blood pressure; 120/80

Question 46

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Answer 46

emphysema-destruction of membranes around the air sacs in lungs; chronic bronchitis-exposure to environmental toxins (45+)

Question 47

female reproductive changes

Answer 47

genital organs change in the 40s, menopause, hormone replacement therapy

Question 48

male reproductive system

Answer 48

decline in testosterone level, decrease in sperm production, importence, ED

Question 49

autonomic nervous system

Answer 49

sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 50

sympathetic

Answer 50

heart and blood pressure increase; respiration accelerates, blood sugar released from liver; adrenalin/noradrenaline released from adrenal; fight or flight

Question 51

parasympathetic

Answer 51

heartbeat slows; blood pressure reduces; respiration levels; body expereinces visceral responses; rest and digest