1
Q
Climate Change
A
- The long term shift in the earths weather patterns
- Climate change caused the drying out of kingdoms arounds Afro-Eurasia (Egypt, Mesopotamia, Indus)
- It also caused migration of herders and nomads, such as the Indo-European Migration
-significant because it led to the collapse of the old kingdoms in Afro-Eurasia, as they were took by the migrating herders and nomads.
-also led to the introduction of new technology of these old kingdoms as they transformed
2
Q
Chariot Revolution
A
- it was the introduction and impact of chariots caused by the herder/nomad
- chariots were horse drawn vehicles with two spoked and metal-rimmed wheels
- Pastoralist nomads made these so light and useful that they completely changed warfare, allowing them to challenge Egypt and Mesopotamia
- The need for horses to draw chariots led to the human invention of the domestication of horses
- led to the creation of warriors carried in horse drawn chariots
3
Q
Territorial States
A
- a centralized kingdom organized around a charismatic ruler
- These territorial states emerged because of the need for a centralized kingdom to combat constant warfare and climate change that affected the smaller independent states
- some examples: Old Babylonian Kingdom in Mesopotamia, Middle Kingdom Egypt, and the Hittite kingdom in anatolia
- these territories for the first time had identifiable borders, which included the distant hitherlands
- They cause people to finally feel allegiance to their kingdom and their broad linguistic and ethnic communities
4
Q
Middle Kingdom Egypt
A
- lasted from 2050-1650 BCE
- started when the long drought ended in the Nile and the floodwaters returned to normal
- First pharoah was Amenehet I, who created their god-of-all-gods, Amun-Re
- The Middle-Kingdom expanded Egypt’s rule into Nubia, as they were in search of Gold
- Significance: because of the need for new resources, Middle Kingdom reatly expanded trade routes in Egypt, pushing them as far as the Red Sea and to Ethiopia
5
Q
Hyksos People
A
- A group of western nomadic semitic-speaking people
- Around 1640, they overthrew the unstable Egypt
- They had mastered the art of horse chariots, bows, and bronze axes in warfare, allowing them to take over egypt
- Instead of destroying it, they ruled Egypt between the Middle and New kingdoms until they were taken over by Ahmosis who used the chariots against them
- Significance: introduced Chariots, bronze working, and an imrpoved potters wheel to Egypt, which revolutionized their warfare and set the foundation for their new culture
6
Q
New Kingdom Egypt
A
- 1550-1070 BCE
- developed after the Hyksos invaders took down the middle Kingdom, and then the invaders were defeated by Ahmosis
- they heavily relied on tribute from distant lands, which established they wealth and power
- the New Kingdom marked egypt’s peak as an empire, due to military expansion (new territories and trade routes)
- home to the reign of the most notable pharoahs like Rameses II (chariot battle) and Hatshepsut (little military activity but trade expansion)
7
Q
Amorites
A
- Transhument Herders who took Over the weekend Mesopotamia (drought) around 2000 BCE
- They founded the Old Babylonian Kingdom
- They changed the organization of the state and promoted a distinctive culture as well as expanded trade
- turned mesopotamiam society based off of a clan-based culture, and tribal (dominated by a ruling chief)
- Amorite kings commisioned public art and works projects and promoted insitutions of learning,
8
Q
Old Babylonian Dynasty
A
- 2000-1600 BCE
- Mathematics and Literature Reached new heights, developing far beyond needs for daily use
- Religion developed, as the god Marduk was raised to a national level
9
Q
Hammurabi/his code
A
- Hammurabis was a ruler in Old Babylonia who ruled from 1792-1750 BCE, who was known as “the king who made the four corners of the earth obedient”
- He used his strong diplomatic and military skills to because the strongest king in Mesopotamia
- He created Hammurabi’s Code, which was a grand legal code with an equal reciprocity of crime and punishment. (eye for an eye)
- the code was the first comprehensive written legal code, which inspired the laws of many future and modern socieities.
- It also established the Babylonian people into three classes - “free peoples”, “dependents”, “slaves” - who received different level of punishment based on their status.
10
Q
Vedic Peoples
A
- Also known as the Aryans, they were a group of nomads from the steppes of inner Eurasia who established a new home in the Indus River Valley.
- They brought domesticated animals, including horses.
- they were superb horse charioteers, which established their military superiority in the area.
- They were master of metallurgy and wheel making
- deeply religious: led by rig-veda
11
Q
hittites
A
- warriors peoples who were famous for their mastery of the chariot
- they ended up growing powerful due to the commercial activity that passed through the Anatolia region
- the many chariot aristocracies were unified under Hattusilis I, who secured his base and anatolia and campaigned along the Euphrates River
- Fought Egypt in the battle of Qadesh, the largest chariot battle of antiquity
- they were significant because they established the territorial state in anatolia
12
Q
Shang Dynasty
A
- China’s first major territorial state
- they combined their culture with Longshan culture, using their four elements: metallurgy based on copper, pottery making, walled towns, and divination using animal bones
- shang people expanded the agriculture, as they understood how important it was for maintaining power
- they focused on bronze metallurgy, as they used in for chariots and other weapons for warfare, and also ritual vessels
- 1600-1050, significant because it shows how they developed more gradually due to their absence of strong rivals
13
Q
Oracle Bones
A
- Shang people used them as a dramatic ritual which the living responded to their ancestor’s oracular signs
- people used to write symbols on them symbolizing what they hoped for and needed in their life
- after creating the symbols, diviners applied head to the bone or shell and read the cracks to predict how/if their interests would come
- these oracle bones reveal how people had the same daily worries and interests as modern people do
- significant people the symbols led to the creation of the shang writing system
14
Q
Australian Aboriginals
A
- the original clan based societies which developed around 50k years ago in Australia
- these societies were hunter-gatherers who lived cooperatively with eachother
- they created major advancements in technology, farming, and fishing which spread throughout the continent
- They had Rock Art, where they put drawings and handprints on rocks up to 15k years ago
- significant because they are the longest living culture, with their complex social structures and culture
15
Q
Minoan Culture
A
- Minoan developed on an Island in the mediterranean called Crete, and they were more peaceful and sea faring
- their worship focused on a female deity called the Lady, but they didn’t have a priestly class
- they developed the Phaistos disk, which is an example of early Minoan writing. This disk may have been a calendar or recorded prayer
- Because of the many islands they conquered, there was a large cultural diversity in Minoan culture
- the minoans established the first large empire within Europe, laying foundations for many future kingdoms with their unique culture
16
Q
Mycenaean Culture
A
- a more oriented and war-based culture that developed a kingdom in Greece
- maintained power using the chariot until 1200BCE
- their culture emphasized displays of weaponry, portraits of armed soldiers, and illustrations of violent conflicts.
- their fortresses were fortitifed urban hubs, where a ruler stood atop a complex urban society.
- they were significant because they established the first major advanced kingdom in greece
17
Q
european microsocieties
A
- these microsocieties were dispersed around europe’s evergreen fprests and grasslands on the northern frontier,
- trade between these societies was shorter distanced than large territorial states
- the domestication of horses and the emergence of the chariot largely affected these Frontiers
- as smaller agricultural societies began to develop, they were met with constant resistance by the nomads who already lurked in the grasslands
- significance: at a time where large territorial states were developing, europe still thrived as a land of war-making chieftainships.
18
Q
American Microsocieties
A
- they were mainly hunter-gathering societies
- local trade between the small tribes only involved luxuries and symbolic trade goods
- some early state systems have been found developing in the Andes mountains, which were made of alliances of towns
- we know a lot about communities on the coast of SA from offerings and ornaments that were left in their burial chambers
- these are significant because they demonstrate how different cultures developed in these microsocieties due to the isolation of each, caused by their location and natural borders
19
Q
A
Fall Term History
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