Chapter 32 Hypertension

Question 1

Hypertension

• Direct relationship between hypertension and?
• Affects __ of adults in U.S.
• Additional ___% have prehypertension
• High priority health concern identified in?

Answer 1

• cardiovascular disease
• Affects 33% of adults in U.S.
• Additional 30% have prehypertension
• High priority health concern identified in Healthy People 2020

Question 2

Blood pressure (BP) is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessel. It must be adequate to maintain tissue perfusion during activity and rest. The maintenance of normal BP and tissue perfusion requires the integration of both?

Answer 2

systemic factors and local peripheral vascular effects. BP is primarily a function of cardiac output (CO) and systemic vascular resistance (SVR)

Question 3

CO is?

Answer 3

total blood flow through the systemic or pulmonary circulation per minute. It is described as the stroke volume (SV) or the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat (approximately 70 mL) multiplied by the heart rate (HR).

Question 4

Factors influencing BP: Sympathetic nervous system (SNS)

Answer 4

• Activation increases HR and cardiac contractility
• Vasoconstriction and renin release
• Increases CO and SVR

Question 5

Systemic vascular resistance (SVR) is the force opposing the movement of blood within the blood vessels. The radius of the small arteries and arterioles is the principal factor determining SVR. As arteries narrow, resistance to blood flow increases. As arteries dilate, resistance to blood flow decreases. A small change in the radius of the arterioles creates a major change in the SVR. If SVR is increased and CO remains constant or increases, what happens?

Answer 5

arterial BP will increase

Question 6

The mechanisms that regulate BP can affect either CO or SVR, or both. Regulation of BP is a complex process involving both short-term (seconds to hours) and long-term (days to weeks) mechanisms.

1) Short-term mechanisms, including?
2) Long-term mechanisms include?

Answer 6

1) sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and vascular endothelium, are active within a few seconds.
2) renal and hormonal processes that regulate arteriolar resistance and blood volume.
- In a healthy person these regulatory mechanisms function in response to the body’s demands.

Question 7

Sympathetic Nervous System:
The nervous system, which reacts within seconds after a drop in BP, increases BP primarily by activating the SNS. Increased SNS activity increases?

Answer 7

HR and cardiac contractility, produces widespread vasoconstriction in the peripheral arterioles, and promotes the release of renin from the kidneys. The net effect of SNS activation is to increase BP by increasing both CO and SVR.

Question 8

Sympathetic Nervous System: Specialized nerve cells called baroreceptors (pressoreceptors) are located in the carotid arteries and arch of the aorta.

1) These cells sense?
2) SNS efferent nerves innervate cardiac and vascular smooth muscle cells. Under normal conditions, a low level of continuous?

Answer 8

1) changes in BP and transmit this information to the vasomotor centers in the brainstem. The brainstem sends this information through complex networks of neurons that excite or inhibit efferent nerves.
2) SNS activity maintains vascular tone. BP may be reduced by withdrawal of SNS activity or by stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS). The PNS decreases the HR (via the vagus nerve) and thereby decreases CO.

Question 9

Sympathetic nervous system: The neurotransmitter norepinephrine (NE) is released from SNS nerve endings. 1) NE activates receptors located in the?

2) The response to NE depends on the type of receptors present. SNS receptors are classified as α1, α2, β1, and β2. The smooth muscle of the blood vessels has?
3) α-Adrenergic receptors located in the peripheral vasculature cause what when stimulated by NE?
4) β1-Adrenergic receptors in the heart respond to NE and epinephrine with?
5) β2-Adrenergic receptors are activated primarily by?

Answer 9

1) sinoatrial node, myocardium, and vascular smooth muscle.
2) α-adrenergic and β2-adrenergic receptors.
3) vasoconstriction when stimulated by NE.
4) increased HR (chronotropic), increased force of contraction (inotropic), and increased speed of conduction (dromotropic).
5) epinephrine released from the adrenal medulla and cause vasodilation

Question 10

Sympathetic Nervous System Receptors Affecting BP
α1 Receptor:
-Location
-Response when activated

Answer 10

1)
- Location: Vascular smooth muscle
- Response when activated: Vasoconstriction
2)
- Location: Heart
- Response when activated: Increased contractility (positive inotropic effect)

Question 11

Sympathetic Nervous System Receptors Affecting BP
α2 Receptor:
-Location
-Response when activated

Answer 11

1)
- Location: Presynaptic nerve terminals
- Response when activated: Inhibition of norepinephrine release
2)
- Location: Vascular smooth muscle
- Response when activated: Vasoconstriction

Question 12

Sympathetic Nervous System Receptors Affecting BP
β1 Receptor:
-Location
-Response when activated

Answer 12

1)
- Location: Heart
- Response when activated:
* Increased contractility (positive inotropic effect)
* Increased heart rate (positive chronotropic effect)
* Increased conduction (positive dromotropic effect)
2)
- Location: Juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney
- Response when activated: Increased renin secretion

Question 13

Sympathetic Nervous System Receptors Affecting BP
β2 Receptor:
-Location
-Response when activated

Answer 13

• Location: Smooth muscle of blood vessels in heart (e.g., coronary arteries), lungs (e.g., bronchi), and skeletal muscle
• Response when activated: Vasodilation

Question 14

Sympathetic Nervous System Receptors Affecting BP
Dopamine Receptors:
-Location
-Response when activated

Answer 14

• Location: Primarily renal blood vessels

- Response when activated: Vasodilation

Question 15

The sympathetic vasomotor center interacts with many areas of the brain to maintain normal BP under various conditions. It is activated during times of pain, stress, and exercise. The SNS response causes an appropriate increase in CO and BP to adjust to the body’s increased O2 demands.
- During postural change from lying to standing, there is a transient?

Answer 15

decrease in BP. The vasomotor center is stimulated, and the SNS response causes peripheral vasoconstriction and increased venous return to the heart. If this response did not occur, blood flow to the brain would be inadequate, resulting in dizziness or syncope.

Question 16

Baroreceptors have an important role in the maintenance of BP stability during normal activities.

1) They are sensitive to stretching and, when stimulated by an increase in BP, they?
2) When a fall in BP is sensed by the baroreceptors, the?

Answer 16

1) send inhibitory impulses to the sympathetic vasomotor center. Inhibition of the SNS results in decreased HR, decreased force of contraction, and vasodilation in peripheral arterioles.
2) SNS is activated. The result is constriction of the peripheral arterioles, increased HR, and increased contractility of the heart. In long-standing hypertension, the baroreceptors become adjusted to elevated BP levels and recognize this level as their new “normal.”

Question 17

• Sensitive to stretching

- Send impulses to sympathetic vasomotor center

Answer 17

Baroreceptors

Question 18

The vascular endothelium is a single-cell layer that lines the blood vessels.
- Functions:

Answer 18

• Functions: platelet adhesion, coagulation regulation, immune function, and regulation of fluid control within the vessel and extravascular space. The endothelium can also cause adhesion and aggregation of neutrophils and stimulate smooth muscle growth.
• essential to the regulation and maintenance of the vasodilating and vasoconstricting substances.9 Endothelium-derived vasoactive substances include nitric oxide (NO) and prostacyclin, which are both vasodilators. Another product of the endothelium is endothelin (ET), which is a potent vasoconstrictor (Fig. 32-1). A disruption or dysfunction of arterial tone (either through excessive constriction or dilation) is an early warning signal of CVD.

Question 19

Produces vasoactive substances to maintain low arterial tone

Answer 19

Vascular endothelium

Question 20

• Control sodium excretion and ECF volume
• RAAS system
• Prostaglandins

Answer 20

Renal system

Question 21

Renal System

- Control sodium excretion and ECF volume

Answer 21

The kidneys contribute to BP regulation by controlling sodium excretion and extracellular fluid (ECF) volume. Sodium retention results in water retention, which causes an increase in ECF volume. This increases the venous return to the heart and stroke volume. Together these increase CO and BP.

Question 22

Renal System

- RAAS system

Answer 22

plays an important role in BP regulation.

• juxtaglomerular apparatus in the kidney secretes renin in response to SNS stimulation, decreased blood flow through the kidneys, or decreased serum sodium concentration.
• Renin (enzyme that converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I) Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II (A-II) by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE).
• A-II increases BP by two different mechanisms. First, A-II is a potent vasoconstrictor and increases SVR. This results in an immediate increase in BP. Second, over a period of hours or days, A-II increases BP indirectly by stimulating the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone
• A-II also acts at a local level within the heart and blood vessels. These effects include vasoconstriction and tissue growth that result in remodeling of the vessel walls, which can be due to or caused by endothelial dysfunction. These changes are linked to the development of primary hypertension and also the long-term effects of hypertension (e.g., atherosclerosis, renal disease, cardiac hypertrophy)

Question 23

Renal system

- Prostaglandins

Answer 23

Prostaglandins (PGE2 and PGI2) secreted by the renal medulla have a vasodilator effect on the systemic circulation. This results in decreased SVR and lowering of BP. The natriuretic peptides (atrial natriuretic peptide [ANP] and b-type natriuretic peptide [BNP]) are secreted by heart cells. They antagonize the effects of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone. This results in natriuresis (excretion of sodium in urine) and diuresis, resulting in reduced blood volume and BP.

Question 24

Factors influencing BP: Endocrine system main points

Answer 24

• Epinephrine and norepinephrine from adrenal medulla
• Aldosterone from adrenal cortex
• ADH from posterior pituitary

Question 25

Endocrine System 1) Stimulation of the SNS results in release of epinephrine along with a small fraction of NE by the adrenal medulla. Epinephrine increases the? 2) Epinephrine activates β2-adrenergic receptors in? 3) In peripheral arterioles with only α1-adrenergic receptors (skin and kidneys), epinephrine causes?

Answer 25

1) CO by increasing the HR and myocardial contractility. 2) peripheral arterioles of skeletal muscle, causing vasodilation. 3) vasoconstriction.

Question 26

Endocrine System | - A-II stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone. Aldosterone stimulates the?

Answer 26

kidneys to retain sodium and water. This increases blood volume and CO

Question 27

Endocrine System | - An increased blood sodium and osmolarity level stimulates the release of?

Answer 27

ADH from the posterior pituitary gland. ADH increases the ECF volume by promoting the reabsorption of water in the distal and collecting tubules of the kidneys. The resulting increase in blood volume causes an increase in CO and BP.

Question 28

Hypertension is defined as a persistent?

Answer 28

systolic BP (SBP) of 140 mm Hg or more, diastolic BP (DBP) of 90 mm Hg or more, or current use of antihypertensive medication

Question 29

Prehypertension is defined as?

Answer 29

SBP of 120 to 139 mm Hg or DBP of 80 to 89 mm Hg

Question 30

Isolated systolic hypertension (ISH) is defined as an average

Answer 30

SBP of 140 mm Hg or more, coupled with an average DBP of less than 90 mm Hg. - SBP increases with aging. - DBP rises until approximately age 55 and then declines. - Control of ISH decreases the incidence of stroke, heart failure, and death.

Question 31

Blood pressure classification: Isolated systolic hypertension Hypertension Stage 1 Hypertension Stage 2

Answer 31

``` - Isolated systolic hypertension SBP >140 mm Hg with DBP <90 mm Hg - Hypertension Stage 1 SBP 140–149 or DBP 90–99 - Hypertension Stage 2 SBP >160 or DBP >100 ```

Question 32

The nurse determines that the patient has stage 2 hypertension when the patient's average blood pressure is a. 155/88 mm Hg. b. 172/92 mm Hg. c. 160/110 mm Hg. d. 182/106 mm Hg.

Answer 32

c. 160/110 mm Hg.

Question 33

Primary hypertension main points

Answer 33

- Also called essential or idiopathic hypertension - Elevated BP without an identified cause - 90% to 95% of all cases - Exact cause unknown but several contributing factors

Question 34

Primary Hypertension (essential or idiopathic)

Answer 34

- elevated BP without an identified cause, and it accounts for 90% to 95% of all cases of HTN - several contributing factors include changes in endothelial function related to either vasoconstricting or vasodilating agents, increased SNS activity, overproduction of sodium-retaining hormones, increased sodium intake, greater-than-ideal body weight, diabetes, tobacco use, and excessive alcohol intake.

Question 35

Secondary hypertension is elevated BP with a specific cause that often can be identified and corrected. This type of hypertension accounts for 5% to 10% of hypertension in adults. 1) Secondary hypertension should be suspected in people who suddenly develop? 2) Clinical findings that suggest secondary hypertension relate to the?

Answer 35

1) high BP, especially if it is severe. 2) underlying cause. For example, an abdominal bruit heard over the renal arteries may indicate renal disease. Treatment of secondary hypertension is aimed at removing or treating the underlying cause. Secondary hypertension is a contributing factor to hypertensive crisis

Question 36

Secondary hypertension main points

Answer 36

- Elevated BP with a specific cause - 5% to 10% of adult cases - Clinical findings relate to underlying cause - Treatment aimed at removing or treating cause

Question 37

Pathophysiology Primary Hypertension main points

Answer 37

- Persistently increased SVR - Abnormalities in any mechanisms involved in - maintenance of normal BP

Question 38

Causes of Secondary Hypertension

Answer 38

* Cirrhosis * Coarctation or congenital narrowing of the aorta * Drug-related: estrogen replacement therapy, oral contraceptives, corticosteroids, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (e.g., cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors), sympathetic stimulants (e.g., cocaine, monoamine oxidase) * Endocrine disorders (e.g., pheochromocytoma, Cushing syndrome, thyroid disease) * Neurologic disorders (e.g., brain tumors, quadriplegia, traumatic brain injury) * Pregnancy-induced hypertension * Renal disease (e.g., renal artery stenosis, glomerulonephritis) * Sleep apnea

Question 39

Pathophysiology of Primary Hypertension - BP rises with any increase in? - Increased CO is sometimes found in the person with? - The hemodynamic hallmark of hypertension is?

Answer 39

- CO or SVR - prehypertension. Later in the course of hypertension, the SVR rises and CO returns to normal. - persistently increased SVR. This persistent elevation in SVR may occur in various ways.

Question 40

Risk factor for primary hypertension: Alcohol • Excessive alcohol intake is strongly associated with hypertension. • Moderate intake of alcohol has cardioprotective properties; males with hypertension should limit their daily intake of alcohol? For females?

Answer 40

males with hypertension should limit their daily intake of alcohol to 2 drinks per day, and 1 drink per day for females with hypertension.

Question 41

Risk factor for primary hypertension: Elevated serum lipids

Answer 41

* ↑ Levels of cholesterol and triglycerides are primary risk factors in atherosclerosis. * Hyperlipidemia is more common in people with hypertension.

Question 42

Risk factor for primary hypertension: Gender

Answer 42

* Hypertension is more prevalent in men in young adulthood and early middle age. * After age 64, hypertension is more prevalent in women.

Question 43

Risk factor for primary hypertension: Obesity

Answer 43

* Weight gain is associated with increased frequency of hypertension. * Risk increases with central abdominal obesity.

Question 44

Risk factor for primary hypertension: Ethnicity

Answer 44

• Incidence of hypertension is 2 times higher in African Americans than in whites.

Question 45

Risk Factors for Primary Hypertension

Answer 45

- Age - Alcohol - Tobacco use - Diabetes mellitus - Elevated serum lipids - Excess dietary sodium - Gender - Family history - Obesity - Ethnicity - Sedentary lifestyle - Socioeconomic status - Stress

Question 46

While performing blood pressure screening at a health fair, the nurse counsels which person as having the greatest risk for developing hypertension? a. A 56-year-old man whose father died at age 62 from a stroke b. A 30-year-old female advertising agent who is unmarried and lives alone c. A 68-year-old man who uses herbal remedies to treat his enlarged prostate gland d. A 43-year-old man who travels extensively with his job and exercises only on weekends

Answer 46

A 56-year-old man whose father died at age 62 from a stroke

Question 47

HypertensionClinical Manifestations

Answer 47

- “Silent killer” - Symptoms of severe hypertension * Fatigue * Dizziness * Palpitations * Angina * Dyspnea

Question 48

Clinical Manifestations 1) Hypertension is often called the “silent killer” because it is? 2) A patient with severe hypertension may experience a variety of symptoms secondary to the effects on blood vessels in the various organs and tissues or to the increased workload of the heart. These secondary symptoms include? 3) In the past, symptoms of hypertension were thought to include headache and nosebleeds. Unless BP is very high, these symptoms are no more frequent in people with hypertension than in the general population. However, patients with?

Answer 48

1) frequently asymptomatic until it becomes severe and target organ disease occurs. 2) fatigue, dizziness, palpitations, angina, and dyspnea. 3) hypertensive crisis may experience severe headaches, dyspnea, anxiety, and nosebleeds

Question 49

Hypertension Complications: Target organ diseases occur most frequently in the?

Answer 49

- Heart - Brain - Peripheral vascular disease - Kidney - Eyes

Question 50

Hypertension Complications: | The most common complications of hypertension are target organ diseases occurring in the?

Answer 50

- heart (hypertensive heart disease) - brain (cerebrovascular disease) - peripheral vessels (peripheral vascular disease) - kidneys (nephrosclerosis) - eyes (retinal damage)

Question 51

Manifestations of Target Organ Disease: - Organ: Cardiac - Manifestations:

Answer 51

- Manifestations: • Clinical, electrocardiographic, or radiologic evidence of coronary artery disease (e.g., previous MI, coronary revascularization) • Left ventricular hypertrophy by ECG or echocardiography • Left ventricular dysfunction or heart failure

Question 52

Manifestations of Target Organ Disease: - Organ: Cerebrovascular - Manifestations:

Answer 52

- Manifestations: • Transient ischemic attack • Stroke

Question 53

Manifestations of Target Organ Disease: - Organ: Peripheral vascular - Manifestations:

Answer 53

``` - Manifestations: • One or more major pulses in the extremities (except for dorsalis pedis) faint or absent • Intermittent claudication • Abdominal or carotid bruits or thrills • Aneurysm ```

Question 54

Manifestations of Target Organ Disease: - Organ: Renal - Manifestations:

Answer 54

* Serum creatinine ≥1.5 mg/dL (130 µmol/L) * Proteinuria (≥1+) * Microalbuminuria

Question 55

Manifestations of Target Organ Disease: - Organ: Retinopathy - Manifestations:

Answer 55

* Generalized or focal narrowing of retinal arterioles * Arteriovenous nicking * Hemorrhages or exudates with or without papilledema

Question 56

Hypertension Diagnostic Studies

Answer 56

- Urinalysis - BUN and serum creatinine - Creatinine clearance - Serum electrolytes, glucose - Serum lipid profile - Uric acid levels - ECG - Echocardiogram

Question 57

Hypertensive heart disease: Coronary Artery Disease. Hypertension is a major risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD). The mechanisms by which hypertension contributes to the development of atherosclerosis are not fully known. The “response-to-injury” theory of atherogenesis suggests that hypertension?

Answer 57

disrupts the coronary artery endothelium. This results in a stiff arterial wall with a narrowed lumen, and accounts for a high rate of CAD, angina, and MI.

Question 58

Hypertensive heart disease: Left Ventricular Hypertrophy. Sustained high BP increases the cardiac workload and produces left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). Initially, LVH is a compensatory mechanism that strengthens cardiac contraction and increases CO. However, increased contractility increases?

Answer 58

myocardial work and O2 demand. Progressive LVH, especially in the presence of CAD, is associated with the development of heart failure.

Question 59

Hypertensive heart disease: Heart Failure. Heart failure occurs when the heart's compensatory mechanisms are overwhelmed and the heart can no longer pump enough blood to meet the body's demands. Contractility is?

Answer 59

depressed, and stroke volume and CO are decreased. The patient may complain of shortness of breath on exertion, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, and fatigue.

Question 60

Cerebrovascular Disease. Atherosclerosis is the most common cause of cerebrovascular disease. Hypertension is a major risk factor for cerebral atherosclerosis and stroke. Even in mildly hypertensive people, the risk of stroke is four times higher than in normotensive people. Adequate control of BP diminishes the risk of stroke. 1) Atherosclerotic plaques are commonly found at the? 2) Portions of the atherosclerotic plaque or the blood clot that forms with disruption of the plaque may break off and travel to cerebral vessels, producing a? 3) Hypertensive encephalopathy may occur after a marked rise in BP if the cerebral blood flow is not decreased by autoregulation. Autoregulation is a physiologic process that maintains?

Answer 60

1) bifurcation of the common carotid artery and in the internal and external carotid arteries. 2) thromboembolism. The patient may experience transient ischemic attacks or a stroke. 3) constant cerebral blood flow despite fluctuations in BP. Normally, as pressure in the cerebral blood vessels rises, the vessels constrict to maintain constant flow. When BP exceeds the body's ability to autoregulate, the cerebral vessels suddenly dilate, capillary permeability increases, and cerebral edema develops. This produces a rise in intracranial pressure. If left untreated, patients can die quickly from brain damage.

Question 61

Peripheral Vascular Disease. Hypertension speeds up the process of atherosclerosis in the peripheral blood vessels. This leads to the development of? -Symptom of peripheral vascular disease

Answer 61

peripheral vascular disease, aortic aneurysm, and aortic dissection. Intermittent claudication (ischemic leg pain precipitated by activity and relieved with rest) is a classic symptom of peripheral vascular disease.

Question 62

Nephrosclerosis. Hypertension is one of the leading causes of chronic kidney disease, especially among African Americans. Some degree of renal disease is usually present in the hypertensive patient, even those with minimally elevated BP. 1) Renal disease results from ischemia caused by the narrowing of the renal blood vessels. This leads to? 2) Laboratory indications of renal disease are? 3) Manifestation of renal disease is?

Answer 62

1) atrophy of the tubules, destruction of the glomeruli, and eventual death of nephrons. Initially intact nephrons can compensate, but these changes may eventually lead to renal failure. 2) albuminuria, proteinuria, microscopic hematuria, and elevated serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels. 3) An early manifestation of renal disease is usually nocturia

Question 63

Retinal Damage. The appearance of the retina provides important information about the severity and duration of hypertension. The blood vessels of the retina can be directly visualized with an ophthalmoscope. 1) Damage to the retinal vessels provides an indication of? 2) Manifestations of severe retinal damage include?

Answer 63

1) related vessel damage in the heart, brain, and kidneys. 2) blurring of vision, retinal hemorrhage, and loss of vision.

Question 64

Most hypertension is classified as primary hypertension and testing for secondary causes is not routinely done. Basic laboratory studies are performed to?

Answer 64

(1) identify or rule out causes of secondary hypertension (2) evaluate target organ disease (3) determine overall cardiovascular risk (4) establish baseline levels before initiating therapy

Question 65

Diagnostics: Routine urinalysis, BUN, and serum creatinine levels are used to screen for? - Creatinine clearance reflects the?

Answer 65

- used to screen for renal involvement and provide baseline information about kidney function. - Creatinine clearance reflects the glomerular filtration rate. Decreases in creatinine clearance indicate renal insufficiency.

Question 66

Diagnostic studies: 1) Measurement of serum electrolytes, especially potassium, is important to detect? 2) Blood glucose levels assist in the diagnosis of diabetes. 3) A lipid profile provides information about additional risk factors related to? 4) Uric acid levels establish a? 5) An electrocardiogram (ECG) provides baseline information about heart status. It can identify the presence of? 6) If the patient's age, history, physical examination, or severity of hypertension points to a secondary cause, further?

Answer 66

1) hyperaldosteronism, a cause of secondary hypertension. 2) Blood glucose levels assist in the diagnosis of? 3) atherosclerosis and CVD. 4) baseline, since the levels often rise with diuretic therapy. 5) LVH, cardiac ischemia, or previous MI. If LVH is suspected, echocardiography is often performed. 6) diagnostic testing is indicated.

Question 67

best method for diagnosing hypertension

Answer 67

Ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) - It is a noninvasive, fully automated system that measures BP at preset intervals over a 12-24-hour period. The equipment includes a BP cuff and a microprocessing unit that fits into a pouch worn on a shoulder strap or belt. Tell patients to hold their arm still by their side when the device is taking a reading.

Question 68

BP demonstrates diurnal variability expressed as sleep-wakefulness difference. For day-active people, BP is? - The presence of diurnal variability is confirmed with?

Answer 68

- highest in the early morning, decreases during the day, and is lowest at night. BP at night (during sleep) usually drops by 10% or more from daytime (awake) BP. - ABPM.

Question 69

Lifestyle Modifications. Lifestyle modifications are directed toward reducing the patient's BP and overall cardiovascular risk. Modifications include?

Answer 69

(1) weight reduction (2) Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) eating plan (3) dietary sodium reduction (4) moderation of alcohol intake (5) regular physical activity (6) avoidance of tobacco use (smoking and chewing) (7) management of psychosocial risk factors

Question 70

DASH Eating Plan. 1) The DASH eating plan emphasizes? 2) Compared with the typical American diet, the plan contains? 3) The DASH eating plan significantly lowers BP, and these decreases compare with those achieved with BP-lowering medication. Additional benefits also include lowering of?

Answer 70

1) fruits, vegetables, fat-free or low-fat milk and milk products, whole grains, fish, poultry, beans, seeds, and nuts. 2) less red meat, salt, sweets, added sugars, and sugar-containing beverages. 3) low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol

Question 71

Hypertension Collaborative Care | Overall goals

Answer 71

- Control blood pressure | - Reduce CVD risk factors and target organ disease

Question 72

Weight reduction

Answer 72

- Weight loss of 22 lb (10 kg ) may decrease SBP by approx. 5 to 20 mm Hg - Calorie restriction and physical activity

Question 73

Fruits, vegetables, fat-free or low-fat milk, whole grains, fish, poultry, beans, seeds, and nuts

Answer 73

DASH eating plan

Question 74

Dietary Sodium Reduction. 1) Healthy adults should restrict sodium intake to less than or equal to? 2) African Americans; people middle aged and older; and those with hypertension, diabetes, or chronic kidney disease should restrict sodium to?

Answer 74

1) 2300 mg/day 2) less than or equal to 1500 mg/day.13 This involves avoiding foods known to be high in sodium (e.g., canned soups, frozen dinners) and not adding salt in the preparation of foods or at meals

Question 75

Physical Activity. 1) A physically active lifestyle is essential to promote and maintain good health. The AHA and American College of Sports Medicine recommend that adults perform moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity for at least? 2) Exercise goals can be accomplished by performing shorter periods of exercise that last at least 10 minutes. Additionally, combinations of ?

Answer 75

1) 30 minutes most days (i.e., more than 5 days per week) with a goal of at least 150 minutes per week. 2) moderate and vigorous activity are acceptable (e.g., walking briskly for 30 minutes on 2 days of the week and jogging for 20 minutes on 2 other days)

Question 76

Physical Activity: All adults should perform muscle-strengthening activities using the major muscles of the body at least twice a week. This helps to maintain or increase muscle strength and endurance. - Additionally, flexibility and balance exercises are recommended? - Moderate-intensity activities can?

Answer 76

- at least twice a week for older adults, especially for those at risk for falls - lower BP, promote relaxation, and decrease or control body weight. Regular activity of this type can reduce SBP by approximately 4 to 9 mm Hg

Question 77

Physical activity main points

Answer 77

- Moderate-intensity aerobic activity, at least 30 minutes, most days of the week - Vigorous-intensity aerobic activity at least 20 minutes, 3 days a week - Muscle-strengthening activities at least 2 times a week - Flexibility and balance exercises 2 times a week

Question 78

Avoidance of Tobacco Products. 1) Nicotine contained in tobacco causes? 2) Smoking tobacco is also a major risk factor for CVD. The cardiovascular benefits of stopping tobacco use are seen when? 3) Strongly encourage everyone, especially patients with hypertension, to avoid tobacco use. Advise those who continue to use tobacco products to?

Answer 78

1) vasoconstriction and increases BP, especially in people with hypertension. 2) within 1 year in all age-groups. 3) monitor their BP during use.

Question 79

Avoidance of tobacco products main points

Answer 79

- Nicotine causes vasoconstriction and elevated BP | - Smoking cessation reduces risk factors within 1 year

Question 80

Psychosocial risk factors main points

Answer 80

- Low socioeconomic status, social isolation and lack of support, stress, negative emotions - Activate SNS and stress hormones

Question 81

Psychosocial risk factors have direct effects on the cardiovascular system by activating the SNS and stress hormones. This can cause a wide variety of pathophysiologic responses, including?

Answer 81

hypertension and tachycardia, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, increased platelet aggregation, insulin resistance, and central obesity

Question 82

Psychosocial risk factors can contribute to CVD indirectly as well, simply by their impact on lifestyle behaviors and choices. Screening for psychosocial risk factors is important. Make appropriate referrals (e.g., counseling), when indicated. Suggest behavioral interventions such as?

Answer 82

relaxation training, stress management courses, support groups, and exercise training for individuals who are not in acute psychologic distress

Question 83

Drug therapy: • In patients 60 years or over, start drug treatment for what BP? • In patients less than 60 years, treatment initiation and goals should be?

Answer 83

* BP greater than or equal to 150 mm Hg systolic or greater than or equal to 90 mm Hg diastolic and treat to goal BP less than those thresholds. * 140/90 mm Hg, the same threshold used in patients 18 years or older with either chronic kidney disease (CKD) or diabetes.

Question 84

Drug therapy: The drugs currently available for treating hypertension have two main actions:

Answer 84

(1) decrease the volume of circulating blood | (2) reduce SVR

Question 85

Drug therapy: Diuretics promote?

Answer 85

sodium and water excretion, reduce plasma volume, and reduce the vascular response to catecholamines.

Question 86

Drug therapy: Adrenergic-inhibiting agents act by diminishing the?

Answer 86

SNS effects that increase BP. Adrenergic inhibitors include drugs that act centrally on the vasomotor center and peripherally to inhibit norepinephrine release or to block the adrenergic receptors on blood vessels.

Question 87

Drug therapy: Direct vasodilators decrease the BP by?

Answer 87

relaxing vascular smooth muscle and reducing SVR.

Question 88

Drug therapy: Calcium channel blockers increase?

Answer 88

sodium excretion and cause arteriolar vasodilation by preventing the movement of extracellular calcium into cells.

Question 89

Drug therapy: Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors prevent the conversion of?

Answer 89

angiotensin I to angiotensin II and reduce angiotensin II (A-II)–mediated vasoconstriction and sodium and water retention.

Question 90

Drug therapy: A-II receptor blockers (ARBs) prevent?

Answer 90

angiotensin II from binding to its receptors in the walls of the blood vessels.

Question 91

Drug therapy: Once antihypertensive therapy is started, patients should return for follow-up and adjustment of drugs at monthly intervals until the goal BP is reached. 1) More frequent visits are necessary for patients with? 2) After BP is at goal and stable, follow-up visits can usually be at? 3) Co-morbidities (e.g., heart failure), associated diseases (e.g., diabetes), and the need for ongoing monitoring (e.g., laboratory testing) influence the?

Answer 91

1) stage 2 hypertension or with co-morbidities. 2) 3- to 6-month intervals. 3) frequency of visits.

Question 92

Hypertension Drug Therapy and Patient Teaching Follow-up care – Are they taking the medications? Identify, report, and minimize side effects

Answer 92

- Orthostatic hypotension - Sexual dysfunction - Dry mouth - Frequent urination * Time of day to take drug

Question 93

Patient and Caregiver Teaching Related to Drug Therapy. Side effects of antihypertensive drugs are common and may be so severe or undesirable that the patient does not adhere to the therapy. Patient and caregiver teaching related to drug therapy helps them to identify and minimize side effects. This may help the patient adhere to therapy. - Side effects may be an initial response to a drug and may decrease over time. Telling the patient about side effects that may decrease with time may help the person to continue taking the drug. The number or severity of side effects may relate to the?

Answer 93

dose. It may be necessary to change the drug or decrease the dose. Advise the patient to report all side effects to the HCP.

Question 94

A common side effect of several of the antihypertensive drugs is?

Answer 94

orthostatic hypotension. This condition results from an alteration of the autonomic nervous system's mechanisms for regulating BP, which are needed for position changes. Consequently, the patient may feel dizzy and faint when assuming an upright position after sitting or lying down.

Question 95

Sexual problems may occur with many of the antihypertensive drugs. This can be a major reason that patients do not adhere to the treatment plan. 1) Problems can range from? 2) Rather than discussing a sexual problem with an HCP, the patient may decide just to stop taking the drug. Approach the patient on this sensitive subject and encourage discussion of?

Answer 95

1) reduced libido to erectile dysfunction. 2) any sexual problem that may be experienced. The sexual problems may be easier for the patient to discuss once you explain that the drug may be the source of the problem.

Question 96

Some unpleasant side effects of drugs result from their therapeutic effect, but these can be decreased. For example, diuretics cause?

Answer 96

dry mouth and frequent voiding. Sugarless gum or hard candy may help ease the dry mouth. Taking diuretics earlier in the day may limit frequent voiding during the night and preserve sleep.

Question 97

Subjective Data Important Health Information Past health history: Medications:

Answer 97

- Past health history: Known duration and past workup of high BP; cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, renal, or thyroid disease; diabetes mellitus; pituitary disorders; obesity; dyslipidemia; menopause or hormone replacement status - Medications: Use of any prescription or over-the-counter, illicit, or herbal drugs or products; previous use of antihypertensive drug therapy

Question 98

``` Subjective Data Functional Health Patterns Health perception–health management: Nutritional-metabolic: Elimination: Activity-exercise: Cognitive-perceptual: Sexual-reproductive: Coping–stress tolerance: ```

Answer 98

- Health perception–health management: Family history of hypertension or cardiovascular disease; tobacco use, alcohol use; sedentary lifestyle; health literacy; readiness for change - Nutritional-metabolic: Usual salt and fat intake; weight gain or loss - Elimination: Nocturia - Activity-exercise: Fatigue; dyspnea on exertion, palpitations, exertional chest pain; intermittent claudication, muscle cramps; usual pattern and type of exercise - Cognitive-perceptual: Dizziness; blurred vision; paresthesias - Sexual-reproductive: Erectile dysfunction, decreased libido - Coping–stress tolerance: Stressful life events

Question 99

Objective Data: Cardiovascular - SBP consistently - DBP

Answer 99

- SBP consistently >140 mm Hg or DBP >90 mm Hg for patients <60 yr old or >150 mm Hg or DBP >90 mm Hg for patients >60 years old. Orthostatic changes in BP and HR; bilateral BPs significantly different; abnormal heart sounds; laterally displaced apical pulse; diminished or absent peripheral pulses; carotid, renal, or femoral bruits; peripheral edema

Question 100

Nursing assessment subjective data

Answer 100

- Family history - Salt and fat intake - Weight gain or loss - Nocturia - Fatigue, dyspnea on exertion, palpitations, pain - Dizziness, blurred vision - Erectile dysfunction - Stressful events

Question 101

Nursing assessment objective data | Gastrointestinal

Answer 101

Obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2); abnormal waist-hip ratio

Question 102

Nursing assessment objective data | Neurologic

Answer 102

Mental status changes

Question 103

Nursing assessment objective data | Possible Diagnostic Findings

Answer 103

Abnormal serum electrolytes (especially potassium); ↑ BUN, creatinine, glucose, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels; proteinuria, albuminuria, microscopic hematuria; evidence of ischemic heart disease and left ventricular hypertrophy on ECG; evidence of structural heart disease and left ventricular hypertrophy on echocardiogram; evidence of arteriovenous nicking, retinal hemorrhages, and papilledema on funduscopic examination

Question 104

Objective data main points

Answer 104

- Blood pressure readings - Heart sounds - Pulses - Edema - Body measurements - Mental status changes

Question 105

Nursing diagnoses and collaborative problems for the patient with hypertension include, but are not limited to, the following.

Answer 105

* Ineffective health management related to lack of know­ledge of pathology, complications, and management of hypertension * Anxiety related to complexity of management regimen * Sexual dysfunction related to side effects of antihypertensive medication * Risk for decreased cardiac tissue perfusion * Risk for ineffective cerebral tissue perfusion * Risk for ineffective renal perfusion * Potential complication: stroke, MI

Question 106

Planning | The overall goals for the patient with hypertension are that the patient will?

Answer 106

(1) achieve and maintain the goal BP (2) follow the therapeutic plan, including appointments with the HCP (3) experience minimal side effects of therapy (4) manage and cope with this condition

Question 107

Individual Patient Evaluation Hypertension is usually identified through routine screening for insurance, preemployment, and military physical examinations. You are in an ideal posi­­tion to assess for the presence of hypertension, identify the risk factors for hypertension and CAD, and teach patients about these conditions. In addition to BP measurement, a health assessment should include such factors as?

Answer 107

age, gender, and race; diet history (including salt and alcohol intake); weight patterns; tobacco use; and family history of CVD, stroke, renal disease, and diabetes. Note all drugs taken, both prescribed and over-the-counter. Last, ask the patient about a previous history of high BP and the results of treatment (if any)

Question 108

Blood Pressure Measurement BP can be measured using the oscillatory or auscultatory method. 1) First, take the BP in? 2) Atherosclerosis in the subclavian artery can cause a? 3) Use the arm with the?

Answer 108

1) both arms to note any differences. 2) falsely low reading on the side where the narrowing occurs. 3) highest BP and take at least two readings, a minimum of 1 minute apart. Waiting for at least 1 minute between readings allows the blood to drain from the arm and prevents inaccurate readings. Record the average pressure as the value for that visit.

Question 109

Blood Pressure Measurement Proper size and correct placement of the BP cuff are critical for accurate measurement. 1) Place the cuff snugly around the patient's? 2) Place the patient's arm at the level of the heart during BP measurement. For BP measurements taken in the sitting position? For measurements taken in a supine position?

Answer 109

1) bare upper arm with the midline of the bladder of the cuff (usually marked on the cuff by the manufacturer) placed in line with the brachial artery. 2) sitting position, raise and support the arm at the level of the heart. supine position, raise and support (e.g., with a small pillow) the arm at heart level. If the arm is resting on the bed, it will be below heart level.

Question 110

Blood Pressure Measurement If neither upper arm can be used to measure the BP (e.g., presence of IV lines, fistula), or if a maximum size BP cuff does not fit the upper arm, use the?

Answer 110

forearm. In this case, position the proper size cuff midway between the elbow and the wrist. Auscultate Korotkoff sounds over the radial artery or use a Doppler device to note SBP. Use of an oscillometric device on the forearm is acceptable. Forearm and upper arm BPs are not interchangeable

Question 111

Blood Pressure Measurement The patient should not have smoked, exercised, or ingested caffeine within 30 min before measurement. 1. Seat patient with legs? 2. Begin measurement after patient has rested quietly for 3. Measure and record BP in? 4. Select the appropriate cuff size, following instructions for? 5. Take the BP with a recently calibrated aneroid or mercury sphygmomanometer, or electronic oscillometric device. Accuracy of oscillometric devices may be limited if patients are? 6. For auscultatory measurement, estimate SBP by palpating the? 7. Deflate the cuff at a rate of? 8. Record the SBP and DBP. Note the SBP when the? 9. Average two or more? 10. Provide the patient (verbally and in writing) with the? 11. Clean BP cuffs when?

Answer 111

Blood Pressure Measurement The patient should not have smoked, exercised, or ingested caffeine within 30 min before measurement. 1. uncrossed, feet on the floor, and back supported. Bare patient's arm and support it at heart level. 2. 5 min. Ask patient to relax as much as possible and not to talk during the measurement. 3. both arms initially. 4. fit and placement according to manufacturer's recommendations. 5. hypertensive, hypotensive, or have heart dysrhythmias (e.g., atrial fibrillation). 6. radial pulse and inflating the cuff until the pulse disappears. Inflate the cuff 20-30 mm Hg above this level. 7. 2-3 mm Hg/sec. 8. first of two or more Korotkoff sounds is heard and the DBP when sound disappears. 9. readings (taken at intervals of at least 1 min). Obtain additional readings if the first two readings differ by more than 5 mm Hg. 10. BP reading, BP goal, and recommendations for follow-up. 11. between patients according to agency policy.

Question 112

Safety Alert Blood Pressure Measurement • If using the forearm for BP measurement, always? • BP cuffs that are too small or too large will result in? • If bilateral BP measurements are not equal, document?

Answer 112

* document the site. * readings that are falsely high or low, respectively. * this finding and use the arm with the highest BP for all future measurements.

Question 113

Assess for orthostatic (or postural) changes in BP and HR in older adults, in people taking antihypertensive drugs, and in patients who report symptoms consistent with reduced BP on standing (e.g., light-headedness, dizziness, syncope). Measure serial BP and HR with the patient in the supine, sitting, and standing positions. 1) First, measure BP and HR with the patient in the? 2) Reposition the patient in the? 3) Last, reposition the patient to the? 4) Usually the SBP? 5) whereas the DBP and pulse? 6) Orthostatic hypotension occurs when a patient moves from a? 7) Common causes of orthostatic hypotension include?

Answer 113

1) supine position after at least 2 to 3 minutes of rest. 2) sitting position with legs dangling and measure BP and HR again within 1 to 2 minutes. 3) standing position and measure the BP and HR within 1 to 2 minutes. 4) decreases slightly (less than 10 mm Hg) on standing 5) DBP and pulse increase slightly. 6) supine to standing position, and there is a decrease of 20 mm Hg or more in SBP, a decrease of 10 mm Hg or more in DBP, and/or an increase in the HR of 20 beats/minute. 7) dehydration and inadequate vasoconstrictor mechanisms related to disease or drugs.

Question 114

Blood Pressure: In acute care settings, BP measurement is usually done to evaluate vital signs, volume status, and effects of drugs, rather than to diagnose hypertension. Trends in BP are more important than a single value. Inform the HCP of any patient with a?

Answer 114

persistent elevated BP. These patients should be evaluated for hypertension before discharge, if appropriate, or after discharge

Question 115

Hypertension Blood Pressure Measurement - Can use forearm if needed - Assess for orthostatic hypotension

Answer 115

- Can use forearm if needed * Document site - Assess for orthostatic hypotension * BP and pulse supine, sitting, and standing * Measure within 1 to 2 minutes of position change * Positive if ↓ of 20 mm Hg or more in SBP, ↓10 mm Hg or more in DBP, or ↑ 20 beats/minute or more in heart rate

Question 116

Hypertension Nursing Planning | - Patient will

Answer 116

- Achieve and maintain the goal BP - Understand and follow the therapeutic plan - Experience minimal or no unpleasant side effects of therapy - Be confident of ability to manage and cope with this condition

Question 117

Hypertension Nursing Implementation | - Health promotion

Answer 117

- Primary prevention via lifestyle modification - Individual patient evaluation and education - Screening programs - Cardiovascular risk factor modification

Question 118

Screening programs in the community are widely used to identify persons who have a high BP. At the time of the BP measurement, give each person a written, numeric value of the reading. Explain why further evaluation is needed. Focus efforts on the following:

Answer 118

(1) controlling BP in persons already identified as having hypertension (2) identifying and controlling BP in at-risk groups such as African Americans, obese people, and blood relatives of people with hypertension (3) screening those with limited access to health care (4) connecting persons with an HCP and/or health insurance

Question 119

Role of Nursing Personnel Registered Nurse (RN) • Develop and conduct? • Assess patients for? • Teach patients about? • Evaluate the effectiveness of? • Teach about home BP monitoring, including the? • Make appropriate referrals to other HCPs, such as? • Monitor for complications of hypertension such as? • Assess the patient with hypertensive crisis for evidence of? • Manage the patient with hypertensive urgency or emergency, including?

Answer 119

* hypertension screening programs. * hypertension risk factors and develop risk modification plans. * lifestyle management and drug use. * lifestyle management and drugs in decreasing BP to acceptable levels. * correct use of automatic BP monitors. Check that the device selected by the patient meets the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation standards * dietitians or stress management programs. * coronary artery disease, heart failure, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, and renal disease. * target organ disease (e.g., encephalopathy, renal insufficiency, cardiac decompensation). * administration of drugs and evaluation for resolution of the crisis.

Question 120

``` Role of Nursing personnel Licensed Practical/Vocational Nurse (LPN/LVN) • Give? • Monitor for? • Reinforce? ```

Answer 120

* Give antihypertensive drugs to stable patients. * adverse effects of antihypertensive drugs. * Reinforce teaching about drugs and lifestyle management.

Question 121

``` Role of Nursing personnel Unlicensed Assistive Personnel (UAP) • Obtain? • Report? • Check for? ```

Answer 121

* Obtain accurate BP readings in outpatient and inpatient settings. * Report high or low BP readings immediately to RN. * Check for postural changes in BP as directed.

Question 122

``` Role of Other Team Members Dietitian • Obtain a? • Teach the components of? • Provide instructions for? ```

Answer 122

* Obtain a diet history from the patient. * Teach the components of the DASH diet. * Provide instructions for dietary changes as needed.

Question 123

Role of Other Team Members | Physical Therapist

Answer 123

* Assess patient's current level of fitness. | * Develop an exercise plan with the patient.

Question 124

Ambulatory and home care main points

Answer 124

- Evaluate therapeutic effectiveness - Detect and report adverse effects - Assess and enhance compliance - Patient and caregiver teaching

Question 125

Ambulatory Care. Your primary roles in long-term management of hypertension are to assist the patient to reach the goal BP and adhere to the treatment plan. Your actions include?

Answer 125

evaluating therapeutic effectiveness, detecting and reporting any adverse treatment effects, assessing and enhancing adherence, and patient and caregiver teaching

Question 126

Patient and Caregiver Teaching General Instructions 1. Provide the patient's BP reading and explain what it means (e.g., high, low, goal, borderline). Encourage patient to monitor? 2. Hypertension is usually? 3. Hypertension means? 4. Long-term therapy and follow-up care are necessary to treat hypertension. Therapy involves? 5. Therapy will not? 6. Controlled hypertension usually results in an? 7. Explain the potential dangers of?

Answer 126

1. BP at home and instruct the patient to call the HCP if BP exceeds high or low limits set by HCP. 2. asymptomatic and symptoms (e.g., nosebleeds) do not reliably indicate BP levels. 3. high BP and does not relate to a “hyper” personality. 4. lifestyle changes (e.g., weight management, sodium reduction, smoking cessation, regular physical activity) and, in most cases, drugs. 5. will not cure, but should control, hypertension. 6. excellent prognosis and a normal lifestyle. 7. uncontrolled hypertension (e.g., stroke, heart attack).

Question 127

Reasons for noncompliance

Answer 127

- Inadequate teaching - Side effects - Return to normal BP - Lack of motivation - Financial - Lack of trust

Question 128

Measures to enhance compliance

Answer 128

- Individualize plan - Active patient participation - Select affordable drugs - Involve caregivers - Combination drugs - Patient teaching

Question 129

Patient and caregiver teaching includes:

Answer 129

- Nutritional therapy - Drug therapy - Physical activity - Home BP monitoring (if appropriate) - Tobacco cessation (if applicable)

Question 130

Instructions Related to Medications 1. Be specific about the?. 2. Help the patient plan regular and convenient times for? 3. Do not stop drugs abruptly because? 4. Do not double up on? 5. If BP increases or decreases, do not? 6. Do not take any drugs belonging to? 7. Supplement diet with foods high in potassium (e.g., citrus fruits, green leafy vegetables) if taking? 8. Avoid hot baths, excessive amounts of alcohol, and strenuous exercise within? 9. Many drugs cause orthostatic hypotension. Reduce the effects of orthostatic hypotension by? 10. Some drugs cause sexual problems (e.g., erectile dysfunction, decreased libido). Consult with the HCP about? 11. Some side effects of drug(s) may? 12. Be careful about taking potentially high-risk over-the-counter drugs, such as?

Answer 130

1. names, actions, dosages, and side effects of prescribed drugs. 2. taking drugs and measuring BP. 3. withdrawal may cause a severe hypertensive reaction. 4. dose when a dose is missed. 5. do not adjust the drug dose without consulting the HCP. 6. someone else. 7. potassium-wasting diuretics. 8. 3 hours of taking drugs that promote vasodilation. 9. rising slowly from bed, sitting on the side of the bed for a few minutes, standing slowly, and beginning to move if no symptoms develop (e.g., dizziness, light-headedness). Do not stand still for prolonged periods, do leg exercises to increase venous return, or sleep with the head of the bed raised. Do lie or sit down when dizziness occurs. 10. changing drugs or dosages if sexual problems develop. 11. decrease with time (e.g., fatigue, diarrhea). 12. high-sodium antacids, NSAIDs, appetite suppressants, and cold and sinus medications. Read warning labels and consult with a pharmacist.

Question 131

Home BP monitoring: 1) Tell the patient to measure BP in the? 2) Tell the patient to measure BP when? 3) Have the patient record? 4) For clinical decision making (e.g., changes in dosage, start of new drug), tell patients to take BP readings? 5) Stable, normotensive patients should measure?

Answer 131

1) nondominant arm, or arm with the higher BP if there is a known difference between arms. 2) first thing in the morning (if possible, before taking medications) and at night before going to bed. 3) all BP measurements and bring the record to office visits. 4) as described for 1 week. 5) morning and evening BP for at least 1 week every 3 months. Devices that have memory or printouts of the readings are recommended to ensure accurate reporting

Question 132

A patient’s blood pressure has not responded consistently to prescribed drugs for hypertension. The first cause of this lack of responsiveness the nurse should explore is 1. Progressive target organ damage. 2. The possibility of drug interactions. 3. The patient not adhering to therapy. 4. The patient’s possible use of recreational drugs.

Answer 132

3. The patient not adhering to therapy.

Question 133

Hypertension in Older Persons Main Points

Answer 133

- Increased incidence with age - Isolated systolic hypertension (ISH): Most common form of hypertension in individuals age >50 - Older adults are more likely to have “white coat” hypertension - Age-related physical changes contribute to HTN - Altered drug absorption, metabolism, and excretion - Often a wide gap between the first Korotkoff sound and subsequent beats is called the auscultatory gap - ↑ risk for orthostatic hypotension - Also postprandial hypotension

Question 134

The pathophysiology of hypertension in the older adult involves the following age-related physical changes:

Answer 134

(1) loss of elasticity in large arteries from atherosclerosis (2) increased collagen content and stiffness of the myocardium (3) increased peripheral vascular resistance (4) decreased adrenergic receptor sensitivity (5) blunting of baroreceptor reflexes (6) decreased renal function (7) decreased renin response to sodium and water depletion

Question 135

In the older adult who is taking antihypertensive drugs, what are the changes?

Answer 135

absorption of some drugs may be altered as a result of decreased blood flow to the gut. Metabolism and excretion of drugs may also be prolonged.

Question 136

Careful technique is important in assessing BP in older adults. Some older people have a wide gap between the?

Answer 136

first Korotkoff sound and subsequent beats. This is called the auscultatory gap. Failure to inflate the cuff high enough may result in underestimating SBP

Question 137

Current recommendations for target BP goals in people older than 60 years of age are controversial and range from less than 120/80 mm Hg7 to less than 150/90 mm Hg. The preferred three first-line antihypertensive drugs are a?

Answer 137

thiazide diuretic, a calcium channel blocker, and an ACE inhibitor or ARB. A diuretic should always be the first or second drug ordered for most patients.

Question 138

- Orthostatic hypotension often occurs in older adults because of varying degrees of impaired baroreceptor reflexes, especially in those with ISH. Orthostatic hypotension in this age group is often associated with? - Additionally, older adults experience postprandial drops in BP. The greatest decrease occurs approximately? - To reduce the likelihood of orthostatic hypotension, antihypertensive drugs should be started at?

Answer 138

- volume depletion or chronic disease states, such as decreased renal and hepatic function or electrolyte imbalance. - 1 hour after eating. BP returns to preprandial levels 3 to 4 hours after eating. - low doses and increased slowly. Measure BP and HR in the supine, sitting, and standing positions at every visit.

Question 139

After CVD, arthritis is the second most prevalent disease in older adults. The most frequently taken drugs by older adults are nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), both prescription and over-the-counter. Nonselective NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen [Advil]) and selective NSAIDs (e.g., celecoxib [Celebrex]) cause loss of BP control and heart failure. Additionally, there is the potential for?

Answer 139

Adverse renal effects and/or hyperkalemia when NSAIDs are used with ACE inhibitors, ARBs, or aldosterone antagonists

Question 140

Hypertensive crisis is a term used to indicate either a hypertensive urgency or emergency. 1) Hypertensive crisis occurs at systolic BP? 2) BPs can often be greater than? 3) The difference between a hypertensive urgency and emergency is the?

Answer 140

1) systolic BP greater than 180 mm Hg and/or diastolic BP greater than 110 mm Hg. 2) 220/140 mm Hg. 3) absence or presence of target organ damage.

Question 141

Hypertensive urgency develops when?

Answer 141

over hours to days and does not have clinical evidence of target organ disease. It may not require hospitalization to correct.

Question 142

Hypertensive emergencies have target organ disease and most often require hospitalization for prompt, controlled reduction of BP. If prompt treatment is not obtained, a hypertensive emergency can produce severe problems. These include?

Answer 142

encephalopathy, intracranial or subarachnoid hemorrhage, heart failure, MI, renal failure, dissecting aortic aneurysm, and retinopathy

Question 143

Hypertensive Crisis: The rate of increase of BP is more important than the absolute value in determining the need for emergency treatment.

Answer 143

- Patients with chronic hypertension can tolerate much higher BPs than normotensive people. - Prompt recognition and management of a hypertensive crisis are essential to decrease the threat to organ function and life.

Question 144

Hypertensive crisis occurs more often in patients with a history of hypertension who have not adhered to their drug regimens or who have been undermedicated. - Rapidly increasing BP can cause?

Answer 144

shearing of the endothelial surface due to turbulent blood flow within the vessels. This can lead to further vascular damage and the release of additional vasoconstricting substances. A vicious cycle of BP elevation follows, leading to life-threatening damage to target organs.

Question 145

Hypertensive crisis related to cocaine or crack use is a frequent problem. Other drugs, such as?

Answer 145

amphetamines, phencyclidine (PCP), and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), can also cause hypertensive crisis that may be complicated by drug-induced seizures, stroke, MI, or encephalopathy

Question 146

Causes of Hypertensive Crisis

Answer 146

* Exacerbation of chronic hypertension * Renovascular hypertension * Preeclampsia, eclampsia * Pheochromocytoma * Drugs (cocaine, amphetamines) * Monoamine oxidase inhibitors taken with tyramine-containing foods * Rebound hypertension (from abrupt withdrawal of some antihypertensive drugs such as clonidine [Catapres] or β-blockers) * Head injury * Acute aortic dissection

Question 147

Hypertensive Crisis: - Hypertensive emergency - Hypertensive urgency - Rate of rise more important than absolute value

Answer 147

- Hypertensive emergency * Occurs over hours to days * BP >220/140 with target organ disease - Hypertensive urgency * Occurs over days to weeks * BP >180/110 with no clinical evidence of target organ disease

Question 148

Clinical Manifestations 1) A hypertensive emergency is often manifested as? 2) On retinal examination, what are found? 3) Renal insufficiency? 4) Rapid cardiac decompensation ranging from? 5) Patients can have? 6) Patient assessment is extremely important. Monitor for? 7) The neurologic changes are often similar to those related to a stroke. However, a hypertensive crisis does not show?

Answer 148

1) hypertensive encephalopathy, a syndrome in which a sudden rise in BP is associated with severe headache, nausea, vomiting, seizures, confusion, and coma. The manifestations of encephalopathy are the result of increased cerebral capillary permeability. This leads to cerebral edema and a disruption in cerebral function. 2) On retinal examination, exudates, hemorrhages, and/or papilledema are found 3) Ranging from minor injury to complete renal failure can occur. 4) unstable angina to MI and pulmonary edema is also possible. 5) chest pain and dyspnea. Aortic dissection can develop and will cause sudden, excruciating chest and back pain and possibly reduced or absent pulses in the extremities. 6) signs of neurologic deficits, retinal damage, heart failure, pulmonary edema, and renal failure. 7) focal or lateralizing signs often seen with a stroke. (In a stroke, focal impairments affect a specific region of the body [e.g., weakness in the left arm, right leg]. Lateralizing signs are restricted to one side of the body [e.g., weakness of an arm or leg].)

Question 149

Hypertensive Crisis Clinical Manifestations Main Points

Answer 149

- Hypertensive encephalopathy * Headache, n/v, seizures, confusion, coma - Renal insufficiency - Cardiac decompensation * MI, HF, pulmonary edema - Aortic dissection

Question 150

Hypertensive emergencies require hospitalization, IV admin­istration of antihypertensive drugs, and intensive care monitoring. 1) BP level alone is a poor marker of the? 2) When treating hypertensive emergencies, the? 3) The initial goal is to decrease MAP by?

Answer 150

1) seriousness of the patient's condition. It is not the major factor in deciding the treatment for a hypertensive crisis. The link between elevated BP and signs of new or progressive target organ disease determines the seriousness of the situation. 2) mean arterial pressure (MAP) is often used instead of BP readings to guide and evaluate drug therapy. MAP is calculated as follows: MAP = (SBP + 2 DBP)/3 3) decrease MAP by no more than 20% to 25%, or to decrease MAP to 110 to 115 mm Hg. If the patient is clinically stable, drugs can be titrated to gradually lower BP over the next 24 hours. Lowering the BP too quickly or too much may decrease cerebral, coronary, or renal perfusion. This could cause a stroke, MI, or renal failure.

Question 151

Hypertensive Crisis: - Special circumstances include patients with aortic dissection. These patients should have their SBP lowered to? - Another exception is patients with acute ischemic stroke, in whom BP is? - Last, an elevated BP in the immediate poststroke period may be a compensatory response to?

Answer 151

- aortic dissection= SBP lowered to less than 100 to 120 mm Hg as soon as possible (if tolerated). - lowered to allow the use of thrombolytic agents. - improve cerebral perfusion to ischemic brain tissue. There is no clear evidence supporting the use of antihypertensive drugs in these patients

Question 152

IV drugs used for hypertensive emergencies include?

Answer 152

1) vasodilators (e.g., sodium nitroprusside, fenoldopam [Corlopam], nicardipine [Cardene]) 2) adrenergic inhibitors (e.g., phentolamine [Regitine], labetalol, esmolol [Brevibloc]) 3) calcium channel blocker clevidipine (Cleviprex). - Sodium nitroprusside is the most effective IV drug to treat hypertensive emergencies. - Oral agents may be given along with IV drugs to help make an earlier transition to long-term therapy.

Question 153

Labetalol • Instruct patient not to? • Abrupt cessation may precipitate?

Answer 153

* Instruct patient not to discontinue drug abruptly. | * Abrupt cessation may precipitate angina or heart failure.

Question 154

Antihypertensive drugs given IV have a rapid (within seconds to minutes) onset of action. 1) Assess the patient's BP and HR every? 2) Use an? 3) Titrate the drug according to? 4) Monitor the ECG for? 5) Use extreme caution in treating the patient with? 6) Measure urine output? 7) Patients receiving IV antihypertensive drugs may be restricted to?

Answer 154

1) 2 to 3 minutes during the initial administration of these drugs. 2) arterial line or an automated, noninvasive BP machine to monitor the BP. 3) MAP or BP as ordered. 4) dysrhythmias and signs of ischemia or MI. 5) CAD or cerebrovascular disease. 6) hourly to assess renal perfusion. 7) bed. Getting up (e.g., to use the commode) may cause severe cerebral ischemia and fainting.

Question 155

Hypertensive Crisis: Ongoing assessment is essential to evaluate the effectiveness of these drugs and the patient's response to therapy. 1) Frequent neurologic checks, including? 2) Monitor cardiac, pulmonary, and renal systems for?

Answer 155

1) level of consciousness, pupillary size and reaction, and movement of extremities, help detect any changes in the patient's condition. 2) decompensation caused by the severe elevation in BP (e.g., angina, pulmonary edema, renal failure).

Question 156

Hypertensive urgencies usually do not require IV drugs but can be managed with oral agents. The patient with hypertensive urgency may not need hospitalization but will require follow-up. The oral drugs most frequently used for hypertensive urgencies are captopril, labetalol, clonidine (Catapres), and amlodipine (Norvasc). The disadvantage of oral drugs is the?

Answer 156

inability to regulate the dosage moment to moment, as can be done with IV drugs. If a patient with hypertensive urgency is not hospitalized, outpatient follow-up care should be arranged within 24 hours.

Question 157

Hypertensive Crisis Nursing/Collaborative Management | Hospitalization

Answer 157

- IV drug therapy: titrated to MAP - Monitor cardiac and renal function - Neurologic checks - Determine cause - Education to avoid future crisis

Question 158

The nurse takes blood pressures at a health fair. The nurse identifies which person as most at risk for developing hypertension? 1. A 52-year-old male who smokes and has a parent with hypertension 2. A 30-year-old female advertising agent who is unmarried and lives alone 3. A 68-year-old male who uses herbal remedies to treat an enlarged prostate gland 4. A 43-year-old female who travels extensively for work and exercises only on weekends

Answer 158

1. A 52-year-old male who smokes and has a parent with hypertension

Question 159

The nurse determines that which of the following blood pressures would meet the criteria for a diagnosis of stage 2 hypertension? 1. 152/98 mm Hg 2. 118/84 mm Hg 3. 106/62 mm Hg 4. 182/94 mm Hg

Answer 159

4. 182/94 mm Hg

Question 160

Which BP-regulating mechanism(s) can result in the development of hypertension if defective (select all that apply)? a. Release of norepinephrine b. Secretion of prostaglandins c. Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system d. Stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system e. Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Answer 160

a. Release of norepinephrine c. Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system e. Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system Rationale: Norepinephrine (NE) is released from the sympathetic nervous system nerve endings and activates receptors located in the vascular smooth muscle. When the α-adrenergic receptors in smooth muscle of the blood vessels are stimulated by NE, vasoconstriction results. Increased sympathetic nervous system stimulation produces increased vasoconstriction and increased renin release. Increased renin levels activate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, leading to elevation in BP.

Question 161

While obtaining subjective assessment data from a patient with hypertension, the nurse recognizes that a modifiable risk factor for the development of hypertension is a. a low-calcium diet. b. excessive alcohol intake. c. a family history of hypertension. d. consumption of a high-protein diet.

Answer 161

b. excessive alcohol diet Rationale: Alcohol intake is a modifiable risk factor for hypertension. Excessive alcohol intake is strongly associated with hypertension. Males with hypertension should limit their daily intake of alcohol to 2 drinks per day, and 1 drink per day for females with hypertension.

Question 162

In teaching a patient with hypertension about controlling the illness, the nurse recognizes that a. all patients with elevated BP require medication. b. obese persons must achieve a normal weight to lower BP. c. it is not necessary to limit salt in the diet if taking a diuretic. d. lifestyle modifications are indicated for all persons with elevated BP.

Answer 162

d. lifestyle modifications are indicated for all persons with elevated BP Rationale: Lifestyle modifications are indicated for all patients with prehypertension and hypertension.

Question 163

A priority consideration in the management of the older adult with hypertension is to a. prevent primary hypertension from converting to secondary hypertension. b. recognize that the older adult is less likely to adhere to the drug therapy regimen than a younger adult. c. ensure that the patient receives larger initial doses of antihypertensive drugs because of impaired absorption. d. use careful technique in assessing the BP of the patient because of the possible presence of an auscultatory gap.

Answer 163

d. use careful technique in assessing the BP of the patient because of the possible presence of an auscultatory gap Rationale: Careful technique is important in assessing BP in older adults. In some older people, there is a wide gap between the first Korotkoff sound and subsequent beats; such a wide interval is called an auscultatory gap. Failure to inflate the cuff high enough may result in a serious underestimate of systolic BP.

Question 164

A patient with newly discovered high BP has an average reading of 158/98 mm Hg after 3 months of exercise and diet modifications. Which management strategy will be a priority for this patient? a. Medication will be required because the BP is still not at goal. b. BP monitoring should continue for another 3 months to confirm a diagnosis of hypertension. c. Lifestyle changes are less important, since they were not effective, and medications will be started. d. More vigorous changes in the patient's lifestyle are needed for a longer time before starting medications.

Answer 164

a. Medication will be required because the BP is still not at goal Rationale: The patient has hypertension, stage 1. Lifestyle modifications will continue, but drug initiation of therapy is a priority. Reduction of BP can help to prevent serious complications related to hypertension.

Question 165

A patient is admitted to the hospital in hypertensive emergency (BP 244/142 mm Hg). Sodium nitroprusside is started to treat the elevated BP. Which management strategy(ies) would be most appropriate for this patient (select all that apply)? a. Measuring hourly urine output b. Decreasing the MAP by 50% within the first hour c. Continuous BP monitoring with an arterial line d. Maintaining bed rest and providing tranquilizers to lower the BP e. Assessing the patient for signs and symptoms of heart failure and changes in mental status

Answer 165

a. Measuring hourly urine output c. Continuous BP monitoring with an arterial line e. Assessing the patient for signs and symptoms of heart failure and changes in mental status Rationale: Measure urine output hourly to assess renal perfusion. Patients treated with IV sodium nitroprusside should have continuous intraarterial BP monitoring. Hypertensive crisis can cause encephalopathy, intracranial or subarachnoid hemorrhage, acute left ventricular failure, myocardial infarction, renal failure, dissecting aortic aneurysm, and retinopathy. The initial treatment goal is to decrease the mean atrial pressure (MAP) by no more than 25% within minutes to 1 hour. Patients receiving IV antihypertensive drugs may be restricted to bed rest. Getting up (e.g., to use the toilet/commode) may cause severe cerebral ischemia and fainting.

Question 166

The nurse teaches a 28-yr-old man newly diagnosed with hypertension about lifestyle modifications to reduce his blood pressure. Which patient statement requires reinforcement of teaching? “I will avoid adding salt to my food during or after cooking.” “If I lose weight, I might not need to continue taking medications.” “I can lower my blood pressure by switching to smokeless tobacco.” “Diet changes can be as effective as taking blood pressure medications.”

Answer 166

“I can lower my blood pressure by switching to smokeless tobacco.” Nicotine contained in tobacco products (smoking and chew) cause vasoconstriction and increase blood pressure. Persons with hypertension should restrict sodium to 1500 mg/day by avoiding foods high in sodium and not adding salt in preparation of food or at meals. Weight loss can decrease blood pressure between 5 to 20 mm Hg. Following dietary recommendations (e.g., the DASH diet) lowers blood pressure, and these decreases compare with those achieved with blood pressure–lowering medication.

Question 167

The nurse supervises an unlicensed assistant personnel (UAP) who is taking the blood pressure of 58-yr-old obese female patient admitted with heart failure. Which action by the UAP will require the nurse to intervene? Waiting 2 minutes after position changes to take orthostatic pressures Deflating the blood pressure cuff at a rate of 8 to 10 mm Hg per second Taking the blood pressure with the patient’s arm at the level of the heart Taking a forearm blood pressure because the largest cuff will not fit the patient’s upper arm

Answer 167

Deflating the blood pressure cuff at a rate of 8 to 10 mm Hg per second The cuff should be deflated at a rate of 2 to 3 mm Hg per second. The arm should be supported at the level of the heart for accurate blood pressure measurements. Using a cuff that is too small causes a falsely high reading and too large causes a falsely low reading. If the maximum size blood pressure cuff does not fit the upper arm, the forearm may be used. Orthostatic blood pressures should be taken within 1 to 2 minutes of repositioning the patient.

Question 168

A 44-yr-old man is diagnosed with hypertension and receives a prescription for benazepril (Lotensin). After providing instruction, which statement by the patient indicates correct understanding? “If I take this medication, I will not need to follow a special diet.” “It is normal to have some swelling in my face while taking this medication.” “I will need to eat foods such as bananas and potatoes that are high in potassium.” “If I develop a dry cough while taking this medication, I should notify my doctor.”

Answer 168

“If I develop a dry cough while taking this medication, I should notify my doctor.” Benazepril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. The medication inhibits breakdown of bradykinin, which may cause a dry, hacking cough. Other adverse effects include hyperkalemia. Swelling in the face could indicate angioedema and should be reported immediately to the prescriber. Patients taking drug therapy for hypertension should also attempt lifestyle modifications to lower blood pressure such as a reduced-sodium diet.

Question 169

A 67-yr-old woman with hypertension is admitted to the emergency department with a blood pressure of 234/148 mm Hg and was started on nitroprusside (Nitropress). After one hour of treatment, the mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) is 55 mm Hg. Which nursing action is a priority? Start an infusion of 0.9% normal saline at 100 mL/hr. Maintain the current administration rate of the nitroprusside. Request insertion of an arterial line for accurate blood pressure monitoring. Stop the nitroprusside infusion and assess the patient for potential complications.

Answer 169

Stop the nitroprusside infusion and assess the patient for potential complications. Nitroprusside is a potent vasodilator medication. A blood pressure of 234/118 mm Hg would have a calculated MAP of 177 mm Hg. Subtracting 25% (or 44 mm Hg) = 133 mm Hg. The initial treatment goal is to decrease MAP by no more than 25% within minutes to 1 hour. For this patient, the goal MAP would be approximately 133 mm Hg. Minimal MAP required to perfuse organs is around 60 to 65 mm Hg. Lowering the blood pressure too rapidly may decrease cerebral, coronary, or renal perfusion and could precipitate a stroke, myocardial infarction, or renal failure. The priority is to stop the nitroprusside infusion and then use fluids only if necessary to support restoration of MAP.

Question 170

The nurse teaches a patient with hypertension that uncontrolled hypertension may damage organs in the body primarily by which mechanism? Hypertension promotes atherosclerosis and damage to the walls of the arteries. Hypertension causes direct pressure on organs, resulting in necrosis and replacement of cells with scar tissue. Hypertension causes thickening of the capillary membranes, leading to hypoxia of organ systems. Hypertension increases blood viscosity, which contributes to intravascular coagulation and tissue necrosis distal to occlusions.

Answer 170

Hypertension promotes atherosclerosis and damage to the walls of the arteries. Hypertension is a major risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis by mechanisms not yet fully known. However, when atherosclerosis develops, it damages the walls of arteries and reduces circulation to target organs and tissues.

Question 171

``` In caring for a patient admitted with poorly controlled hypertension, which laboratory test result should the nurse understand as indicating the presence of target organ damage? Serum uric acid of 3.8 mg/dL Serum creatinine of 2.6 mg/dL Serum potassium of 3.5 mEq/L Blood urea nitrogen of 15 mg/dL ```

Answer 171

Serum creatinine of 2.6 mg/dL The normal serum creatinine level is 0.6 to 1.3 mg/dL. This elevated level indicates target organ damage to the kidneys. The other laboratory results are within normal limits.

Question 172

``` When providing dietary instruction to a patient with hypertension, the nurse would advise the patient to restrict intake of which meat? Broiled fish Roasted duck Roasted turkey Baked chicken breast ```

Answer 172

Roasted duck Roasted duck is high in fat, which should be avoided by the patient with hypertension. Weight loss may slow the progress of atherosclerosis and overall cardiovascular disease risk. The other meats are lower in fat and are therefore acceptable in the diet.

Question 173

The nurse is caring for a patient admitted with a history of hypertension. The patient’s medication history includes hydrochlorothiazide daily for the past 10 years. Which parameter would indicate the optimal intended effect of this drug therapy? Weight loss of 2 lb BP 128/86 mm Hg Absence of ankle edema Output of 600 mL per 8 hours

Answer 173

BP 128/86 mm Hg Hydrochlorothiazide may be used alone as monotherapy to manage hypertension or in combination with other medications if not effective alone. After the first few weeks of therapy, the diuretic effect diminishes, but the antihypertensive effect remains. Because the patient has been taking this medication for 10 years, the most direct measurement of its intended effect would be the blood pressure.

Question 174

The nurse is caring for a patient with hypertension who is scheduled to receive a dose of metoprolol (Lopressor). The nurse should withhold the dose and consult the prescribing physician for which vital sign taken just before administration? O2 saturation 93% Pulse 48 beats/min Respirations 24 breaths/min Blood pressure 118/74 mm Hg

Answer 174

Pulse 48 beats/min Because metoprolol is a β1-adrenergic blocking agent, it can cause hypotension and bradycardia as adverse effects. The nurse should withhold the dose and consult with the health care provider for parameters regarding pulse rate limits.

Question 175

The UAP is taking orthostatic vital signs. In the supine position, the blood pressure (BP) is 130/80 mm Hg, and the heart rate (HR) is 80 beats/min. In the sitting position, the BP is 140/80, and the HR is 90 beats/min. Which action should the nurse instruct the UAP to take next? Repeat BP and HR in this position. Record the BP and HR measurements. Take BP and HR with patient standing. Return the patient to the supine position

Answer 175

Take BP and HR with patient standing. The vital signs taken do not reflect orthostatic changes, so the UAP will continue with the measurements while the patient is standing. There is no need to repeat or delay the readings. The patient does not need to return to the supine positon. When assessing for orthostatic changes, the UAP will take the BP and pulse in the supine position, then place the patient in a sitting position for 1 to 2 minutes and repeat the readings, and then reposition to the standing position for 1 to 2 minutes and repeat the readings. Results consistent with orthostatic changes would have a decrease of 20 mm Hg or more in systolic BP, a decrease of 10 mm Hg or more in diastolic BP, and/or an increase in HR of greater than or equal to 20 beats/min with position changes.

Question 176

A patient with a history of chronic hypertension is being evaluated in the emergency department for a blood pressure of 200/140 mm Hg. Which patient assessment question is the priority? Is the patient pregnant? Does the patient need to urinate? Does the patient have a headache or confusion? Is the patient taking antiseizure medications as prescribed?

Answer 176

Does the patient have a headache or confusion? The nurse’s priority assessments include neurologic deficits, retinal damage, heart failure, pulmonary edema, and renal failure. The headache or confusion could be seen with hypertensive encephalopathy from increased cerebral capillary permeability leading to cerebral edema. In addition, headache or confusion could represent signs and symptoms of a hemorrhagic stroke. Pregnancy can lead to secondary hypertension. Needing to urinate and taking antiseizure medication do not support a hypertensive emergency.

Question 177

When caring for elderly patients with hypertension, which information should the nurse consider when planning care (select all that apply.)? Systolic blood pressure increases with aging. Blood pressures should be maintained near 120/80 mm Hg. White coat syndrome is prevalent in elderly patients. Volume depletion contributes to orthostatic hypotension. Blood pressure drops 1 hour postprandially in many older patients. Older patients will require higher doses of antihypertensive medications.

Answer 177

Systolic blood pressure increases with aging. White coat syndrome is prevalent in elderly patients. Volume depletion contributes to orthostatic hypotension. Blood pressure drops 1 hour postprandially in many older patients. Systolic blood pressure increases with age and patients older than age 60 years should be maintained below 150/90 mm Hg. Older patients have significantly higher blood pressure readings when taken by health care providers (white coat syndrome). Older patients experience orthostatic hypotension related to dehydration, reduced compensatory mechanisms, and medications. One hour after eating, many older patients experience a drop in blood pressure. Lower doses of medications may be needed to control blood pressures in older adults related to decreased absorption rates and excretion ability.

Question 178

The nurse is teaching a women’s group about prevention of hypertension. What information should be included in the teaching for all the women (select all that apply.)? ``` Lose weight. Limit nuts and seeds. Limit sodium and fat intake. Increase fruits and vegetables. Exercise 30 minutes most days. ```

Answer 178

Limit sodium and fat intake. Increase fruits and vegetables. Exercise 30 minutes most days. Primary prevention of hypertension is to make lifestyle modifications that prevent or delay the increase in BP. Along with exercise for 30 minutes on most days, the DASH eating plan is a healthy way to lower BP by limiting sodium and fat intake, increasing fruits and vegetables, and increasing nutrients that are associated with lowering BP. Nuts and seeds and dried beans are used for protein intake. Weight loss may or may not be necessary for the individual.