Chapter 32 - Part 1 + 2

Question 1

How do animals keep their internal environment stable, even as the environment outside fluctuates?

Answer 1

• Specialization of cells which have a devoted specific activity

Question 2

What do internal control (organ) systems do ?

Answer 2

it keeps the animal body in homeostasis
- digestive system

Question 3

What are animals bodies characterized by?

Answer 3

layers of organization

Question 4

List the layers of organization (smallest to largest)

Answer 4

1. cells
2. tissues
3. organs
4. organ systems
5. organism

Question 5

Sponges are part of what branch?

Answer 5

Metazoa

Question 6

What are the 4 tissue types?

Answer 6

1. connective
2. epithelial
3. muscle
4. nervous

Question 7

What does the nervous tissue do?

Answer 7

receipt, processing, and transmission of information

Question 8

What do the nervous tissues form?

Answer 8

the brain

Question 9

What are the two major cell types in nervous tissue?

Answer 9

1. Neurons
2. gila

Question 10

What are neurons?

Answer 10

they initiate & transmit electrical impulses to other neurons, muscles, or other cells

Question 11

What is Gila?

Answer 11

Support neurons via nourishment, insulation, replenishment
- modulate (balance) neuron function

Question 12

What does the muscle tissue do ?

Answer 12

contractile (contracts) tissue for physical movement of body parts or organs

Question 13

What do all muscle tissues have?

Answer 13

proteins actin and myosin

Question 14

What 3 types of muscle tissue?

Answer 14

1. skeletal muscle
2. cardiac muscle
3. smooth muscle

Question 15

Vertebrates have what type of muscle tissue?

Answer 15

all 3, with the proteins actin + myosin
- skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Question 16

What is skeletal muscle?

Answer 16

voluntary movement of the skeleton
sensory organs (eyes, ears)
note ears move with sound

Question 17

What is cardiac muscle?

Answer 17

the beating of the heart

Question 18

What is smooth muscle?

Answer 18

pushes forward and/or mixes contents of organs or tubes of the body

Question 19

What is epithelial tissue?

Answer 19

Sheets of cells covering the outside of the body AND
lining organs + cavities

Question 20

What are the two sides of epithelial tissue?

Answer 20

Apical
basal

Question 21

What is apical surface?

Answer 21

• belongs to epithelial tissue
• faces lumen (cavity) or outside of organ
  -exposed to fluid and air

Question 22

What is basal surface?

Answer 22

• belongs to epithelial tissue
• attached to extracellular matrix that connects to underlying tissue

Question 23

What are the two important functions of epithelial tissue?

Answer 23

1. Barrier against injury, foreign pathogens, fluid loss
2. interfaces with external + internal environments

Question 24

What does the function of interfaces with external + internal environments mean? (its an example)

Answer 24

ex is in the digestive system, its the absorption of nutrients and secretion of juices/enzymes

Question 25

What is connective tissue?

Answer 25

Cells scattered through an extracellular matrix, forming a web of fibers embedded in a liquid, jelly-like, or solid foundation.

Question 26

What do connective tissues contain?

Answer 26

1. fibroblasts - cells that secrete collagen 2. macrophages - cells that engulf foreign particles + cell debris

Question 27

What are the different types of connective tissue? (6 types)

Answer 27

1. loose - anchor for skin + other organs 2. fibrous - tendons +ligaments 3. Adipose - stores fat 4. cartilage 5. bone 6. blood

Question 28

what is adipose?

Answer 28

- a type of connective tissue that stores fat

Question 29

How do all the these different systems (tissues & organs) know how to act together to help execute complex functions?

Answer 29

the two systems that control and coordinate all other systems - endocrine and nervous systems

Question 30

Who is the dominate control system?

Answer 30

nervous system

Question 31

How do endocrine and nervous system work together?

Answer 31

in a complimentary fashion, depending on the desired behavior

Question 32

List some characteristics of the Endocrine system (hint 6)

Answer 32

1. wireless - just throws it throughout the body 2. messenger is = chemical (hormones) 3. Organs = glands and some isolated cells 4. Transmission via blood 5. Slow 6. duration of effects = long lasting

Question 33

List some characteristics of the Nervous system (hint 6)

Answer 33

1. Wired - direct line - specific targets 2. Messenger = electrical (action/nerve impusle) 3. Organs = brain, spinal cord/ring 4. Transmission via nerve cells (neuron) 5. extremely fast 6. extremely short - lived

Question 34

In the endocrine system, how do the hormones affect cells when a signal is thrown out?

Answer 34

the cells must have Receptors for that hormone that was thrown out in the first step

Question 35

In the nervous system, how do the cells know when a nerve impulse is sent out ?

Answer 35

through Synapse - the neuron carrying the signal (they share a physical junction)

Question 36

In the endocrine system, how can the same hormone produce different effects in different cells?

Answer 36

1. the receptor type (beta or alpha) 2. signal transduction pathway

Question 37

How can an endocrine pathway turned on ?

Answer 37

3 mechanisms 1. simple endocrine 2. simple neuroendocrine 3. neuroendocrine hormone cascade

Question 38

how is an endocrine pathway turned off?

Answer 38

1. negative feedback loop 2. positive feedback loop

Question 39

What is simple endocrine pathway?

Answer 39

a molecule or ion that directly stimulates endocrine cells

Question 40

What is a simple neuroendocrine pathway?

Answer 40

the Nervous system (NS) stimulates one set of endocrine cells

Question 41

What is a neuroendocrine hormone cascade?

Answer 41

the nervous system (NS) stimulates a series of endocrine cells

Question 42

What is a negative feedback loop?

Answer 42

dampens the stimulus to maintain homeostasis BACK TO NORMAL

Question 43

What is a positive feedback loop?

Answer 43

amplifies the stimulus until the loop is broken/ to completion - SNOWBALL effect

Question 44

Give an example of a negative feedback loop:

Answer 44

glucose level eating = glucose is released fasting = blood sugar is low, glucose is low

Question 45

Give an example of a positive feedback loop:

Answer 45

a women giving birth how it would break is the baby being born

Question 46

who is more common and who is more rare in the two types of feedback loop

Answer 46

negative is very common positive is rare

Question 47

What does the negative feedback loop promote?

Answer 47

1. stability 2. performance + fitness

Question 48

what does stability mean in terms of the negative feedback loop?

Answer 48

limits fluctuations to within a very narrow range (homeostatic) ex: hot and cold within the body

Question 49

What does performance + fitness mean in terms of the negative feedback loop?

Answer 49

it restores the conditions close to ideal operating parameters such as blood pressure, sugar levels (glucose)

Question 50

List the 3 characteristics of positive feedback loop

Answer 50

1. it drives a process to completion by creating an even greater response to the stimulus 2. mostly destructive - heart failure 3. a few are beneficial such as labor or vomiting

Question 51

Give an example of simple endocrine signaling:

Answer 51

neutralization of stomach acid during digestion once you are done eating - don't need as much acid so want to bring that down to "normal" levels

Question 52

Give an example of Neuroendocrine signaling:

Answer 52

Breastfeeding in mammals

Question 53

What does the neuroendocrine signaling usually involves what?

Answer 53

Hypothalamus

Question 54

Give an example of Neuroendocrine signaling - hormone cascade:

Answer 54

metabolism regulation

Question 55

What is the hypothalamus?

Answer 55

part of the brain that produces hormones in response to specific signals from other parts of the brain