Chapter 4

Question 1

What are the two research methods used in Development

Answer 1

Longitudinal and Cross Sectional

Question 2

What is the Longitudinal research method

Answer 2

Choose one group of subjects and follow that group over a long period of time

Question 3

What is the cross sectional research method

Answer 3

Recruit subjects from different ages and divide them into groups based on age and test them all once.

Question 4

What is continuous development

Answer 4

Development occurs bit by bit, gradual

Question 5

What is stages or discontinuous development

Answer 5

multiple stages, every stage theres a major change

Question 6

What is a critical period

Answer 6

When you need to experience certain things to be and to develop properly and gain abilities

Question 7

What is nature

Answer 7

DNA, genes, heredity

Question 8

What is nurture

Answer 8

All other factors that have nothing to do with DNA

Question 9

What are epigenetic changes

Answer 9

Factors in environment that are going to influence gene expression

Question 10

Where is fertilization most likely to take place

Answer 10

Fallopian tubes

Question 11

What is the Gestation period

Answer 11

Duration of pregnancy

Question 12

What are the 3 stages of birth

Answer 12

Germinal, Embryonic, Fetal

Question 13

How long does the germinal stage last

Answer 13

10-14 days

Question 14

What is an ectopic pregnancy

Answer 14

When the baby grows in the fallopian tubes and not the uterus

Question 15

How long does the embryonic stage last

Answer 15

Week 3-8

Question 16

What happens in the embryonic stage

Answer 16

Placenta forms, brain starts to form, arms and legs start to develop

Question 17

How long is the Fetal stage

Answer 17

Week 9-end of pregnancy

Question 18

What happens in Fetal stage

Answer 18

muscles get stronger, bones solidify, sulci and gyri develop

Question 19

What is sulci

Answer 19

grooves in the brain

Question 20

What is gyri

Answer 20

bumps in the brain

Question 21

Are babies underestimated by parents and medical doctors, if so why

Answer 21

They think they are nothing but flesh and skin but they are actually attentive and pay super good attention, can recognize faces

Question 22

What are the methods of studies used on babies

Answer 22

brain waves, sucking responses, orienting reflex, habituation

Question 23

What is a schema

Answer 23

Mental representation of someone or something

Question 24

What is assimilation (Schema)

Answer 24

If info is the same we will absorb it into the schema without changing anything

Question 25

What is accomadation (Schema)

Answer 25

new experiences that are different from our schema, we have to change or create a new schema so we can make the new info fit in the schema

Question 26

What is equilibration (Schema)

Answer 26

when what is in the real world fits our schema

Question 27

What is disequilibration

Answer 27

when what is in our schema does not fit in the world

Question 28

What are the 4 stages of development

Answer 28

Sensorymotor, Preoperational, Concrete operational, formal operational

Question 29

How long does sensory motor stage last

Answer 29

0-2 years old

Question 30

What happens in sensory motor stage

Answer 30

baby uses senses and motor skills to learn

Question 31

How long does preoperational stage last

Answer 31

2 years old - 7 yo

Question 32

What happens in preoperational stage

Answer 32

Animism, Symbolism, literal thinking, egocentrism

Question 33

Do children have major limitations in the preoperational stage

Answer 33

Yes, they can do 3+2 but cant do 2+3

Question 34

How long does concrete operational stage last

Answer 34

7-12 years old

Question 35

What happens in concrete operational stage

Answer 35

Perform mental operations, understand conversation, go through major transformative principles

Question 36

What are the major transformative principles

Answer 36

identity, compensation, and inversion

Question 37

How long does the formal operational stage last

Answer 37

12 y/o and up

Question 38

What happens in formal operational stage

Answer 38

more sophistacated thinking, self talk, scaffolding

Question 39

Are attachment bonds to caregivers essential?

Answer 39

Yes

Question 40

Insecure resistant is what

Answer 40

baby is uncomfy and want to stick to mom, when stranger leaves he's distressed and is angry with mom for leaving

Question 41

Insecure avoidant is what

Answer 41

he is indifferent to mother or stranger, when she comes back he ignores her

Question 42

insecure disorganised is what

Answer 42

He uses resistant and avoidant style, when mom comes back he goes to her but then turns around

Question 43

What stage do we enter when in adolescence, 1, 2, 3 or 4?

Answer 43

4

Question 44

According to Kholberg, what are the 3 stages of moral development

Answer 44

Preconventional, Conventional and Postconventional

Question 45

What is preconventional moral

Answer 45

self interest, any action that benifits moral

Question 46

What is convetional moral

Answer 46

What guides moral action are the rules, values, regulations

Question 47

What is postconventional moral

Answer 47

Personal values are moral, anything else is immoral

Question 48

What are the different types of identities

Answer 48

Identity diffusion, foreclosed identity, psychosocial moratorium and identity achievement

Question 49

What is identity diffusion

Answer 49

confusion, do not try and explore different ones

Question 50

What is foreclosed identity

Answer 50

do not take the time to explore, adapt for ourselves and do what our family wants us to do.

Question 51

What is psychosocial moratorium

Answer 51

Exploring a variety of identities goals and values, do not commit to any

Question 52

What is identity achievement

Answer 52

choose one identity and stick to it

Question 53

What is the importance of peers

Answer 53

Babies who have postitive interactions with others tend to be more popular and have easier access to groups and friends

Question 54

What does dimentia kill

Answer 54

neurons

Question 55

What type of neurons are the first ones killed

Answer 55

Acetylcholine

Question 56

What are tangles

Answer 56

form inside neuron and kill neuron on the inside

Question 57

What are plaques

Answer 57

form outside neuron and kill neuron from outside

Question 58

Do womans brains shrink faster and earlier

Answer 58

no, mens do

Question 59

What is the wisdom paradox

Answer 59

Cognitive functions but the brain is wiser when you are older