Chapter 4

Question 1

What do Animals rely on Prokaryotes for? Plans?

Answer 1

Animals: C-Fixation (converting CO2 -> organic carbon products)
Plants: N-Fixation (converting Nitrogen -> Ammonia)

Question 2

Mutualism

Answer 2

TWO species BENEFIT from each other

Question 3

Amensalism

Answer 3

ONE species HARMS ONE species UNAFFECTED

Question 4

Commensalism

Answer 4

ONE species BENEFITS ONE species UNAFFECTED

Question 5

Neutralism

Answer 5

TWO species UNAFFECTED

Question 6

Parasitism

Answer 6

ONE species BENEFITS ONE species HARMED

Question 7

Microbiome

Answer 7

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms are associated with a certain organism/environment. Community of Microbes on you or on things

Question 8

Metagenome

Answer 8

Collective genome information of a microbiome (multiple microbes at once)

Question 9

Taxonomy

Answer 9

Sorting things into “boxes”, structure knowledge NOT evolution

Question 10

Phylogeny

Answer 10

Study of evolution. The evolution is a continuous process.

Question 11

Classes of Proteobacteria (gram-negative)

Answer 11

Alpha-proteobacteria
Beta-proteobacteria
Gamma-proteobacteria
Delta-proteobacteria
Epsilon-proteobacteria

Question 12

Alpha-proteobacteria characteristics

Answer 12

oligotrophs, some members are obligate intracellular pathogens

Question 13

Oligotrophs

Answer 13

Organisms that are capable of living in low-nutrient environments

Question 14

Intracellular pathogens

Answer 14

Spend a part of their life cycle inside other cells called host cells. They cannot synthesize their own ATP and rely on other cells for energy needs

• Rickettsia

Question 15

Alpha-proteobacterias

Answer 15

• Agrobacterium (plant pathogen, causes plant
  tumors)
• Caulobacter (used in studies on cellular adaptation
  and differentiation)
• Methylocystis (Nitrogen fixing aerobic bacteria)
• Rhizobium (Nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in soil
  and form symbiotic relationships with roots of
  legumes)

Question 16

Beta-proteobacteria characteristics

Answer 16

• Eutrophs (requiring copious amount of organic
  nutrients)
• Grow in aerobic and anaerobic areas
• Includes species that are human pathogens
  (Gonorrhea and Meningitis)

Question 17

Beta-proteobacterias

Answer 17

• Bordetella (Aerobic, very fastidious)
• Leptothrix (Aquatic, oxidize iron and manganese, can
  live in wastewater treatment plants and clog pipes
• Thiobacillus (Thermophilic, acidophilic, aerobic
  bacteria, oxidize iron and sulfer

Question 18

Gamma-proteobacteria characteristics

Answer 18

• Most diverse class of gram-negative bacteria, and
  includes a number of human pathogens
• Family of Pseudomonadaceae (can’t get rid of them)

Question 19

Pseudomonadaceae

Answer 19

• strictly aerobic, nonfermenting, mobile bacterium
• ## Resistant to many antibiotics

Question 20

Enterobacteriaceae

Answer 20

• Large family of enteric (intestinal bacteria)
• Facultative anaerobes and ferment carbohydrates

Question 21

Enterobacteriaceae (Coliforms)

Answer 21

• Coliforms ferment lactose completely with the
  production of acid and gas
• E.Coli is the best known organism

Question 22

Enterobacteriaceae (Non- Coliforms)

Answer 22

• Non-Coliforms cannot ferment lactose/can only
  ferment it incompletely with some acid or gas
  production
• Salmonella

Question 23

Gammaproteobacterias

Answer 23

Enterobacter
Escherichia
Klebsiella
Methylomonas
Shigella
Yersinia

Question 24

Delta-proteobacteria (Gram-negative) characteristics

Answer 24

• Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRBs), use sulfate as the final electron acceptor in ETC
• Bdellovibrio: considered a predatory bacterium
  (Obigate aerobes, motile, parasitic (infects other bacteria)

Question 25

Epsilon-proteobacteria

Question 26

Gram Negative Non-Proteobacteria

Answer 26

- Chlamydia - Spirochetes - Cytophaga, Fusobacterium, and bacteroides group - Planctomycetes

Question 27

Is Chlamydia Alpha-proteobacteria or Gram Negative Non-proteobacteria

Answer 27

- Gram Negative Non-proteobacteria

Question 28

Chlamydia

Answer 28

Obligate intracellular pathogens

Question 29

Spirochetes

Answer 29

Detected using a darkfield fluorescent microscope Difficult/impossible to culture Highly motile using axial filament to propel themselves Include human pathogens

Question 30

Cytophaga, Fusobacterium, and Bacteroides (CFB) group

Answer 30

- Cytophaga: Motile aquatic bacteria that glide - Fusobacterium: in the human mouth and may cause severe diseases - Bacteroides: Largest group of (CFB) in the large intestine of mammals - Mutualistic (benefit from nutrients and human benefits from their ability to prevent pathogens) - Few are pathogenic

Question 31

Planctomycetes

Answer 31

- In aquatic environments (freshwater, saltwater, and brackish water - Reproduce by budding - One maternal cell splits into two equal daughter cells in the process of binary fission - The mother cell forms a bud that detaches from the mother cell and lives as a independent cell.

Question 32

Phototrophic Bacteria

Answer 32

- Large and diverse group that use suhlight as their primary source of energy to synthesize ATP through photosynthesis - Some produce oxygen (oxygenic photosynthesis) and some do not (anoxygenic photosynthesis)

Question 33

Bacteriochlorophylls

Answer 33

green, purple, or blue pigments similar to chlorophyll in plants

Question 34

Purple Sulfur Bacteria

Answer 34

Oxidize hydrogen sulfide into elemental sulfur and sulfuric acid. They use carbon dioxide as their only source of carbon

Question 35

Green Sulfur Bacteria

Answer 35

Use sulfide for oxidation and produce large amounts of green bacteriochlorophyll

Question 36

Purple Non-Sulfur Bacteria

Answer 36

Use H2 rather than H2S for oxidation, facultative anaerobes. Can metabolize ("fix") N2

Question 37

Green Non-Sulfur Bacteria

Answer 37

Similar to green sulfur bacteria but they use substrates other than sulfides for oxidation. Performs anoxygenic photosynthesis using organic sulfites or molecular hydrogen as electron donors

Question 38

Cyanobacteria (Prochlorococcus & Synechococcus)

Answer 38

- Most abundant organism on Earth - Invented photosynthesis -

Question 39

Gram-Positive Bacteria

Answer 39

- Additional characteristics can be used to classify gram-positive prokaryotes, namely the guanin to cystosine rations (G+C) in DNA and the composition of 16S rRNA subunits