Psych 105 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

Developmental Psychology

A
  • changes in biological, physical, psychological and behavioural processes
  • how you’ve become the person you are today and who you’ll become in the future
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2
Q

critical periods

A
  • age where experiences must occur
  • when brain needs certain environmental stimuli to develop normally
  • needs to be exposed to light within first 6 months of life or you’ll be visually impaired
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3
Q

sensitive periods

A
  • the optimal developmental period for a specific function or skill to be learnt
  • brain is primed to learn new things
  • ex. learn 2nd language before 12 = optimal
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4
Q

cross-sectional research design

A
  • compare different ages at same time
  • different cohorts grew up in different time periods

-data obtained quickly

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5
Q

cross-sectional research design cons

A
  • different experiences, cultural changes, environmental changes
  • technology; growing up in depression; access to higher education, etc
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6
Q

longitudinal research design

A
  • test same cohort at different times
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7
Q

longitudinal research design cons

A
  • expensive and time-consuming
  • people drop out/researcher loses contact with them
  • are results generalizable to all people?
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8
Q

sequential research design

A
  • A developmental design in which multiple groups of participants of different ages are followed over time, combining cross-sectional and longitudinal research.
  • most comprehensive
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9
Q

sequential research design cons

A
  • time-consuming
  • expensive
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10
Q

prenatal development
3 stages

A

germinal stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage

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11
Q

germinal stage

A
  • first 2 weeks since fertilization
    -one sperm fertilizes one egg resulting in a zygote
  • zygote undergoes cell division and attaches to uterine wall
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12
Q

Embryonic stage

A

-Weeks 3-8

-Mass of cells called embryo

-Life support structures develop - Placenta and Umbilical cord.

-Bodily organs and systems begin to develop - heart beats, brain starts forming, facial features become recognizable.

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13
Q

Fetal Stage

A

-Week 9 - Till birth
-Embryo is now called a fetus
-Organ systems develop, muscles become strong
-

-by 24 weeks is can open its eyes

-by 28 weeks it attains age of viability (service outside the womb)

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14
Q

most human cells contain____ pairs of chromosomes; each pair is from ______

A
  • 23
  • each pair consists of one chromosome from each parent
  • 23rd chromosome -> females = XX males = XY
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15
Q

chromosomes if baby is female/male

A

-female will get X from egg, and X from sperm

-male will get X from egg, and Y from sperm

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16
Q

Y chromosome contains what that makes men men

A
  • contains TDF (testis determining factor)
  • initiates development of testes
  • testes secrete androgens
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17
Q

androgens

A
  • sex hormones for male organ development
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18
Q

critical period for male development

A
  • 6-8 weeks after conception
  • insufficient androgen activity = female
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19
Q

environmental influences on birth
teratogens

A
  • environmental agents that may cause abnormal fetal development
  • mercury, lead, radiation, nicotine, stress, alcohol (some chemicals can still pass placenta which is why they are bad for placenta
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20
Q

environmental influences on birth
maternal malnutrition on birth

A
  • miscarriage, premature birth, stillbirth, impaired brain development
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21
Q

environmental influences on birth
maternal stress (stress hormones)

A

Premature birth, infant irritability, attentional deficits

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22
Q

environmental influences on birth
sexually transmitted diseases (STD)

A

can pass from mother to fetus and produce brain damage. blindness, and deafness

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22
Q

environmental influences on birth
fetal alcohol spectrum disorders do what

Study These Flashcards
A
  • cognitive, behavioural, and physical deficits caused by prenatal exposure to alcohol
23
Q

environmental influences on birth
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

Study These Flashcards
A

disorder within the spectrum involving a cluster of severe developmental abnormalities
- abnormal facial features, underdeveloped brains compared to normal children
- intellectual disability, attentional and perceptual deficits, impulsivity, and poor social skills
- alcohol levels that cause FAS are unknown, which is why pregnant women are advised to completely avoid alcohol

24
Willian James view vs current view
- the newborn's world is a "buzzing, blooming confusion" - newborns are passive, disorganized, and have an empty mind - this view is no longer valid, given our knowledge of prenatal sensory-motor development; the tactile, auditory, and chemical perceptual systems have been stimulated and are operating at birth
25
newborn vision
- visual system is poorly developed at birth - very nearsighted: 20/800 -- 40x worse than normal adult acuity of 20/20 - gets better progressively (20/100 by 6 months) - can focus on an object 20-40 cm away (distance to mother's face while breast-feeding)
26
newborns prefer to look at...
- prefer complex patterned stimuli - prefer mother's face - within 72 hours of birth, can distinguish mother's face from that of a female stranger
27
newborn vision colours
- can see few colours as newborns, perceive full range of colours by 3 months
28
how do we know newborns have tactile, auditory, and olfactory senses operating at birth
- orient to significant stimuli - will orient towards towards source of sounds, tactile stimuli, odours - most importantly, towards their mother's face, voice, and smell, optimizing their access to food, warmth, social stimulation
29
4 elements of newborn learning
-Habituation -Discriminate different speech sounds -Classicla and Operant Conditioning -Imitation
30
Sensory and perceptual abilities of newborns develop rapidly during _________
first year
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Habituation
Recognize familiar over unfamiliar faces
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Imitiation
initiate adult facial expressions
33
Classical and Operant Conditioning
Acquire conditions responses Operant - "make things happen"
34
New borns
- ability to localize sounds (turn toward sounds) - U-shaped function, disappears at 2 months, reappears at 4-5 months
35
phoneme discrimination
- ability to detect changes in speech sounds by 2 months (can detect all phonemes) - exceeds that of an adult, disappears by 1 year of age
36
music perception/taste in music
- shows similar responses of consonant and dissonant patterns as adult - can remember short melodies at 2 months
37
maturation of babies
- genetically programmed biological process that governs our growth - bodies, brain, movement skills develop rapidly at infancy and childhood
38
cephalocaudal principle
- development is from head to foot - head develops first then torso then legs - that's why babies have big head (head develops first)
39
proximodistal principle
- development is from innermost to outer - arms develop before hands and fingers - at birth, fetuses can control shoulders but not arms
40
how much does brain develop by age
- 50% by 6 months: cells become larger and neural networks form - 5 years = 90% of adult size: new synapses form, unnecessary synapses are pruned back
41
what develops first in the brain
- first the brainstem develops (basic survival functions) - last the associative areas of cortex (higher-level cognitive functions like decision-making, reasoning, etc)
42
stage-like development of motor skills
- age of acquiring skill differs, but the sequence is the same - some have U-shaped function -> stepping reflex (where baby automatically does walking motion with legs -- stops then comes back in time for baby to start walking)
43
reasons for u-shaped function
- lack of practice - interest in visual targets - change in how behaviour is controlled as cortical structures develop and start to control subcortical reflexes
44
environmental and cultural influences of physical development
- diet (consistent breast-feeding) - enriched environments: interaction with people, access to toys - physical touch = physical + neurological development
45
environmental and cultural influences of sensory development
- visual deprivation can permanently damage visual abilities
46
general 3 principles of environmental and cultural influences
1. biology sets limits on environmental influences (env. can influence development only to the degree biology permits) 2. environmental influences can be powerful 3. biological and environmental factors interact (enriched environments enrich brain development; brain development facilitates our ability to learn and benefit from environmental experiences)
47
Piaget described children as
natural-born scientists b/c they interacted with the world and explored environments all the time
48
Piaget's stage model is based on
schemas to achieve understanding Schemas are modified to create equilibrium between environment & understanding
49
assimilation
- new experiences incorporated into existing schemas ex. infant that grew up with dogs seed a horse and thinks its a dog
50
accommodation
- new experiences cause existing existing schemas to change - ex. baby realizes horse is diff. than dog -- new schema for horse
51
Piaget's stage theory sensorimotor stage what age range does it happen
birth to 2 yrs
52
Piaget's stage theory sensorimotor stage what is this stage
- Piaget's first stage of cognitive development - Infant uses senses and motor abilities to interact with objects in the environment - begin to acquire and use language around age of 1 and symbols like pretend play
53
Piaget's stage theory preoperational stage what age range does it happen
2-7
54
Piaget's stage theory preoperational stage what is this stage
-world represented symbolically through words and mental images, which also enables pretend play - child does not understand conservation - preoperational children's thinking also reflects egocentrism
55
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