Chapter 4

Question 0

what does the integument tell us

Answer 0

1. hereditary
2. diet
3. physical health
4. emotional health

Question 1

what factors are individual variations dependent on?

Answer 1

1. biological
2. social
3. psychological

Question 2

what does the skin do?

Answer 2

1. protection
2. excretion of salts and organic wastes
3. stores fat
4. UV protecction
5. Vitamin D

Question 3

these become smaller and regeneration slows

Answer 3

keratinocytes

Question 4

normal regeneration of the epidermis

Answer 4

20-30 days

Question 5

epidermis regeneration in older adults

Answer 5

30-50% longer

Question 6

how much do melanocytes decrease per decade

Answer 6

10%

Question 7

thick brown raised lesions

Answer 7

seborrheic keratosis

Question 8

multiple, firm, smooth, flat brown lesions

Answer 8

dermatosis paulosa nigra

Question 9

loses about 15% of thickness with aging

Answer 9

1. dermal blood vessels reduced
2. collagen synthesis decreases
3. elastin fibers susceptible to cross link
4. decreased sebum production

Question 10

dermal blood vessels…

Answer 10

reduce

Question 11

collagen synthesis…

Answer 11

decreases

Question 12

elastin fibers susceptible to…

Answer 12

cross link

Question 13

decreased sebum production leads to…

Answer 13

dryer skin

Question 14

• pronounced varicosities
• benign cherry angiomas
• venous stars

Answer 14

vascular hyperplasia

Question 15

changes in the hypodermis

Answer 15

1. lean muscle replaced by fat
2. subcutaneous fat reduced
3. lean mass decline

Question 16

lean muscle replaced by…

Answer 16

fat

Question 17

subcutaneous fat…

Answer 17

reduced

Question 18

stores calories and thermoregulation

Answer 18

fat

Question 19

lean mass decline leads to…

Answer 19

body water loss

Question 20

when a cell gets bigger in size due to increased demand

Answer 20

hypertrohy

Question 21

increase in number of cells

Answer 21

hyperplasia

Question 22

cell changes that can lead to cancer

Answer 22

metaplasia

Question 23

changes in hair that occur with aging

Answer 23

1. becomes grey

2. diffuse aloecia

Question 24

what causes hair to become grey

Answer 24

melanin production in hair bulb decreases

Question 25

other causes of diffuse alopecia

Answer 25

1. iron deciciency 2. hypothyroidism 3. auto immunity 4. systemic diseases 5. medications 6. anabolic steroids 7. chronic renal failure 8. hypoproteinemiia 9. inflammatory skin disease

Question 26

absence of lower body hair can be confused with...

Answer 26

peripheral vascular disease

Question 27

nail changes that occurs with age

Answer 27

1. become more brittle, flat, concave 2. cuticle becomes less thick and wide 3. may appear yellow or gray poorly defined or absent lunulae 4. pigmented bands may appear 5. onchogryphosis 6. fungal infection onchholysis

Question 28

thickening and distortion of nails

Answer 28

onchogryphosis

Question 29

changes in temperature regulation with aging

Answer 29

1. lower body temp 2. risk for hypothermia and hyperthermia 3. thinning of the dermis, loss of subcutaneous fat, and changes to blood vessels of the skin

Question 30

changes in structure and posture with aging

Answer 30

1. vertebral disks become think causing shortening off trunk | 2. stooped, slightly forward bent posture common

Question 31

how much height loss is not uncommon

Answer 31

3 inches

Question 32

changes in bones that occur with aging

Answer 32

1. disequilibrium in bone maintenance 2. reduced bone mineral density 3. resorption of mandible 4. increased risk of fall related fractures

Question 33

what causes disequilibrium in bone maintenance develops when...

Answer 33

resorption is more rapid than deposition of new minerals

Question 34

what causes bone density loss in women

Answer 34

hormone changes

Question 35

What causes bone density loss in men?

Answer 35

Prolonged steroid use

Question 36

What happens when the mandible resorption?

Answer 36

Poorly fitting dentures

Question 37

Age related changes in articular cartilage result from...

Answer 37

Biochemical changes

Question 38

Cartilage in the joint...

Answer 38

Dries out and thins

Question 39

Tendons may...

Answer 39

Shorten and move from usual positions

Question 40

Cartilage of the nose and ears...

Answer 40

Continue to grow

Question 41

Muscle tissue mass...

Answer 41

Decreases (atrophies)

Question 42

Adipose tissue...

Answer 42

Increases

Question 43

How much muscle mass loss by the time a person reaches 90

Answer 43

30-40%

Question 44

- Physical inactivity - changes in peripheral and central nervous system - reduced skeletal protein synthesis

Answer 44

Sarcopenia

Question 45

Changes in heart valves

Answer 45

Thicker and stiffer

Question 46

What causes valves to be thicker and stiffer

Answer 46

1. Lipid deposits 2. Collagen degeneration 3. Fibrosis

Question 47

Changes in conductivity

Answer 47

1. SA node cells decrease in number | 2. AV node and bundle of his loose conductive cells

Question 48

What causes SA node cells to decrease in number

Answer 48

Myocardial fat, collagen, and elastin fibers increase

Question 49

Changes in contractility

Answer 49

1. Contraction prolonged 2. Longer interval between contractions 3. Weakened force

Question 50

Why is contraction prolonged

Answer 50

Slower release of calcium into the myoplasm during systole

Question 51

What decreases in the cardiac system with age

Answer 51

1. Heart rate 2. Stroke volume 3. Cardiac output 4. Ejection fraction 5. O2 uptake

Question 52

What can cause normal compensatory changes in heart function

Answer 52

1. Stress 2. Infection 3. Pain 4. Hemorrhaging 5. Other physical conditions