chapter 4

Question 1

T or F. children must deal with limited neural resources handling a multitude of tasks

Answer 1

True

Question 2

physical and motor development:

Answer 2

• motor and cognitive development compete for cerebral resources
• rapid developmental changes in vocal tract stress the development of speech.

Question 3

stuttering seems to have its most frequent onset while a child is mastering what?

Answer 3

more complex language

Question 4

Children predisposed to stuttering may have deficits in areas responsible for planning and production of what?

Answer 4

speech and language

Question 5

T or F rapid speech and language development may stress these weak areas, resulting in stuttering.

Answer 5

true

Question 6

T or F. some children may develop stuttering as a response to extra difficulty bc of speech or language delay and the stress it puts on speech production.

Answer 6

true

Question 7

T or F. intensive cognitive development may compete with fluency

Answer 7

True

Question 8

T or F. The “ups and downs” in a child’s fluency may reflect the spurts of cognitive development.

Answer 8

True

Question 9

At what age may children be self-conscious enough to have negative emotions about stuttering?

Answer 9

after age 3

Question 10

___________ arousal increases stuttering and normal disfluency.

Answer 10

emotional

Question 11

________ _________ during childhood may trigger or worsen stuttering.

Answer 11

emotional stress

Question 12

Children with a sensitive temperament may be more vulnerable to?

Answer 12

to stutter

Question 13

do individuals who stutter appear to be normal in terms of psychosocial traits?

Answer 13

yes

Question 14

Enviornmental factors may interact with developmental factors to trigger or worsen _____________.

Answer 14

Stuttering

Question 15

there is mixed research about parents affect on stuttering

Answer 15

theory: children with a vulnerable temperament may have inherited it from 1 or both of their parents thus the parents might be perfectionists, anxious etcc,..

Question 16

what are some stressful adult speech models? (4)

what are some stressful speaking situations for kids? (6)

Answer 16

rapid speech rate
polysyllabic vocab
complex syntax
use of two languages in home

competition for speaking
frequent interruptions
demand for display speech
hurried when speaking
frequent questions
loss of listener attention
many things to say 
excited when speaking

Question 17

Children who stutter may be helped by making communication easier…. what are 3 ways you can do this?

Answer 17

more one-on-one time when parent can listen
slower speech rate
language complexity not too far above child’s level

Question 18

what are some stressful life events that may precipitate or worsen stuttering in some children (10)?

Answer 18

• the child’s family moves to a new house, neighborhood or city
• a family member dies
• parents sep. or divorce
• the child is hospitalized
• parent loses job
• an additional person comes to live in the home
• on or both parents go away frequently or for a long period of time
• holidays or visits occur in which causes a change in routine, excitement or anxiety
• a discipline problem involving the child

Question 19

What is the process of the child being classically conditioned to stutter (how does it happen)

Answer 19

• stuttering elicits feelings of dread and tightening of speech muscles
• stuttering with accompanying dread and muscle tension occurs repeatedly on the phone (previously neutral)
• then the phone alone just elicits dread and muscle tension

bc of the stuttering the child associates the phone with dread and tightening of the muscles

Question 20

operant conditioning involves

Answer 20

punishment and reinforcements

Question 21

if a behavior is positively reinforced (rewarded) for being fluency it will increase,,, If a behavior is punished it will decrease (decreasing the number of disfluencies)

Answer 21

yes..

Question 22

What is avoidance conditioning?

Answer 22

anticipating a stutter and doing something to keep it from happening (either inserting um or saying another word bc you know ull stutter on it)

Question 23

to deal with classical conditioning in stuttering you need to? (2 things)

Answer 23

decondition ( associate behavior with neutral stimulus) have client keep stuttering until fear is gone (no - stimulus)

countercondition (associate behavior with positive stimulus) what has been classically conditioned
(have client stutter and receive praise for keeping it going) (pos stim)

Question 24

How do you deal with operant conditioning?

Answer 24

Stop reward for unwanted behavior

Start reward for wanted behavior

Question 25

To deal with avoidance conditioning you would?

Answer 25

decrease the fear of stuttering | reward non-avoidance

Question 26

Brown showed that adults who stutter do so more frequently on.....

Answer 26

``` consonants sounds in word-initial position sounds in contextual speech nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs longer words words at beginnings of sentences stressed syllables ```

Question 27

what core behaviors are noted more frequent in children?

Answer 27

repetitions of parts of words and single-syllable words in sentence-initial position

Question 28

The facts about stuttering imply? (4)

Answer 28

- stuttering is an inherited or congenital disorder - it first appears when children are learning the complex coordination's of spoken language - it emerges in those children whose speech production system is vulnerable to disruption by competing demands of language, cognition, and emotion - after it emerges, it becomes persistent in some children (perhaps those whose stuttering arouses substantial negative emotion which leads to a variety of learned behaviors)

Question 29

What is the model of stuttering?

Answer 29

disorder of neuromotor control of speech influenced by lang production perpetuated by temperament and complex learning, and the response of their environment to their speech