Chapter 4-4.5

Question 1

Categorical proposition

Answer 1

• asserts that either all or part of the class denoted by the subject term is include or excluded from the class denoted by the predicate term

Question 2

Standard form categorical proposition

Answer 2

1) quantifier -> all, no, some
2) subject term -> “members of the AMA” (before copula)
3) copula -> are and are not
4) predicate term -> “people holding degrees from recognized academic institutions” (after copula)

Question 3

Propositions

Answer 3

Proposition…………….Quantity…………..Quality

1) All S are P (A) ….Universal…..Affirmative
2) No S are P (E)…..Universal….. Negative
3) Some S are P (I)…Particular .. Affirmative
4) Some S are not P (O).. Particular … Negative

Question 4

Existential Fallacy

Answer 4

• invalid merely because the premise does not exist
• Boolean standpoint (modern square)
• only used in contrary, subcontrary and subalternation (traditional) -> when universal goes to particular

Question 5

Boolean stand point

Answer 5

• recognizes that particular statements make a positive assertion about existence

Question 6

Venn Diagrams

Answer 6

A) shade S side
E) shade middle
I) x in the middle
O) x in S side

Question 7

Modern Square of Opposition

Answer 7

• Boolean standpoint

Logically undetermined-> has truth value can’t determine what it is
A———E
I———-O

Contradictory -> opposite truth values

Question 8

Testing immediate inferences

Answer 8

• one premise and one conclusion
• plug premise into modern square of opposition
• if it works then it’s unconditionally valid regardless of existential fallacy
• illicit contrary, illicit subcontrary, illicit subalternation, illicit contraposition, illicit conversion

Question 9

1) Conversion

2) illicit conversion

Answer 9

1) switch subject and predicate terms
2) E,I -> same truth value.
A,O -> undetermined truth value

Question 10

Obversion

Answer 10

• change the quality
• replace predicate term with compliment (non P)
• all true

Question 11

1) Contraposition

2) illicit contraposition

Answer 11

1) switch subject and predicate terms
- replace subject and predicate term with compliments

2) E,I -> undetermined truth value.
A,O -> determined truth value

Question 12

Traditional Square of opposition

Answer 12

• contradictory -> opposite truth value
• contrary -> at least one is false (not both true). … If a is true e is false. But if a is false e is either false or true
• subcontrary -> at least one is true (not both false)… If I is false O is true but if I is true A could be true or false
• subalternation -> truth flows downward, falsity flows upward