1
Q
Eukaryote
A
Has nucleus & membrane bound organelles
2
Q
Prokaryote
A
Has no nucleus, no membrane bound organelles
3
Q
What organelles do prokaryotes have?
A
- a cell wall made of protein
- a plasma membrane made of phospholipids and protein
- ribosomes that synthesize proteins; made of protein and RNA
4
Q
Biological Membranes include…
A
- Nucleus, Mitochondria, Golgi
- Composed of phospholipids and proteins
- Transmembrane proteins live here!
5
Q
Trans-Membrane Proteins
A
- Live in biological membrane
- may have carbohydrates which are sticky side chains
6
Q
For a protein to be found in a biological membrane, it most likely contains…
A
many amino acids
7
Q
Eukaryote
A
- Plasma Membrane that surrounds the cell separating the inside from the outside and regulates flow
8
Q
4 Major Structures of the Nucleus
A
- Nucleolus; synthesis
- Nuclear Envelope; double bilayer, has nuclear pores
- Nuclear Pore; made of proteins, transfer RNA
- Chromatin; combo of DNA & Proteins
9
Q
A cell contains a large # of ribosomes… it may be specialized for synthesizing _____
A
proteins
10
Q
Prokaryotes don’t have this organelle.
A
Endoplasmic Reticulum
11
Q
Ribosomes
A
- Synthesize proteins
- Found in cytoplasm (free ribosomes - synthesize soluble proteins) & the Rough ER (synthesize insoluble trans-membrane proteins or can secrete proteins)
12
Q
Smooth ER
A
- Synthesize lipids
- Carbohydrate breakdown
- Calcium secretion / storage
13
Q
Golgi Apparatus:
A
- Protein modification (can make glycoproteins with sugar)
- Polysaccharide synthesis
- 2 sides:
1. Receiving Side: Cis
2. Output Side: Trans
14
Q
Lysosomes
A
(not found in plants)
- Digests macromolecules (polysaccharides, fats, nucleic acids)
- Filled with digestive enzymes
15
Q
Autophagy
A
Lysosomes break down a damaged organelle
16
Q
Phagocytosis
A
Lysosomes digest food
17
Q
Why is phagocytosis required for food particles to enter a cell?
A
Food particles are generally water soluble and cannot pass through a biological membrane
18
Q
Central Vacuole
A
(found in plants)
- stores water and some nutrients
19
Q
Endomembrane System
A
the ER is connected to nucleus
- Nucleus, ER, Golgi, Lysosome
20
Q
Mitochondrion
A
- Parts: Outer membrane, inner membrane, intermembrane space, cristae, matrix
- the site of cellular respiration
- has its own DNA and Ribosomes
- can divide on own
21
Q
Proteins of the extracellular matrix are produced by ribosomes in which part of the cell?
A
Rough ER
22
Q
Peroxisomes
A
- Lipid catabolism, dehydrogenation (removing H groups and fats) and H2O2 formation
23
Q
Mitochondria
A
- Carries out respiration
- has circularized DNA
- Pyruvate breakdown
24
Q
Photosynthesis is carried out by _______
A
Chloroplasts
25
Embosymbiont theory
Cells has an endomembrane system and takes the nutrients they need from their surroundings
26
Cytoskeleton
Includes (3)
- Microtubules
- Int Filaments
- Microfilaments
27
Microtubules
(25 um)
Support movement within cell
Made of tubulents
Motility of Kinesin: a walking protein across microtubules
28
Int Filaments
(12 um)
Made of keratin
Anchorage and Support
29
Micro Filaments
(7 um)
Support Cilia
Muscle Contraction
Movement of cell contents and formation of psudopodia
30
Glycoproteins
Proteoglycan, Collagen, Fibronectin
31
Proteoglycan
Cell communication
| Made of carbohydrate and a core protein
32
Collagen
most abundant protein (40%)
makes connective tissue
short chained carbohydrates
33
Integrins
Cell signalling to regulate cell division
34
Cellular Junctions
- Tight... prevent water from seeping in
- Desosomes... proteins that hold cells together
- Gap... neurons communicate
35
Fluid Mosaic Model
trans-membrane proteins embedded in phospholipid bilayer are important to function of cell
36
Can proteins connected to cytoskeleton move?
No
37
Trans Membrane Proteins
```
proteins that go across a membrane.
have hydrophobic side chain amino acids
has N terminus, alpha helix, c terminus
Functions: (6)
- Transport
- Enzyme Activity
- Cytoskeleton and ECM
- Cell-Cell Recognize
- Intercellular join
- signal transduction
```
38
What must be true about drug patches solution being absorbed effectively?
The solution must be hydrophobic
39
Diffusion
passive transport. Movement of particles from H to L concentration to reach equilibrium
Albert Einstein discovered this.
40
Osmosis
Water only. Diffuses water to reach equilibrium
Water solute ratio must be equal
This is how plants stand up straight
H to L concentration
41
Isotonic
Same concentration inside and outside
P: Flacid
A: Normal
42
Hypotonic
Less solution in cell... more solution outside.
P: Normal (turgid)
A: Lysed (burst)
43
Hypertonic
More solution in cell... less solution outside
P: Plasmolyzed
A: Shrivel
44
If celery is immersed in fresh water, its stiff but in salt water its limpy. This means the fresh water is _____ and the salt water is ____
Hypotonic, hypertonic
45
Facillitated Diffusion
2 types:
- Channel Proteins
- Carrier Proteins
- Gases readily go through membranes, but hydrophillic and charged ions need help
- Simple Diffusion: needs no help
- ion channels can open and close
46
Na / K ATPase pump
3 NA out, 2 K in. relatively negative charge inside
47
What property of Na/K ATPase moves K+ from outside of cell to inside?
When active sites are open towards inside, affinity for K+ is lower
48
Electrogenic Pump:
goes against concentration gradient. (from L to H) and produces membrane potential.
49
Co-Transport
uses multiple pumps and uses concentration gradients of one pump to the other. DOES NOT directly use ATP
ex: Sucrose
50
Why is the sucrose co transport not an active transport mechanism?
It doesnt use energy from ATP
51
Endocytosis (3 types)
Phagocytosis: pseudopods EATS particle of food forming food vacuole!
Pinocytosis: brings lots of little things in the cell.. regular occurance
Receptor Mediated Endocytosis: triggered when signaling molecules bind to receptors on plasma membrane
52
Signaling (think of phone calls)
Local: Paracrine, Synaptic
| Long Distance: Endocrine Hormonal.... anything hormonal
53
Paracrine
has target cells that secret regulators through secretory vesicles to other target cells
54
Synaptic
Signaling molecules bind to receptor
| ligame = signaling molecule
55
Endocrine Hormonal
uses circulatory system to transport hormones across body
56
Insulin is an endocrine hormone. It exerts its affects by
transport through circulatory system
57
Basic Steps in Extra/Intracellular cell signaling
- Earl Sutherland
1. Reception
- Ligame binds to receptor which changes shape of receptor (activated = change shape)
2. Transduction
- Signal transduced to intracellular signals. Cascade molecules, chain reaction
3. Response
- activation (change shape) of some cellular response
2 FEATURES:
- Amplification
- Regulation
58
When a receptor is activated, we mean that ___
the SHAPE HAS CHANGED!! :D
59
G Protein
an enzyme that breaks down GTP to make GDP... and also it can bind GTP. (GTP is like ATP but instead of adenosine, it is guanine)
60
G Protein Coupled Receptor
a receptor coupled with G protein. Activated receptor can bind G protein if the receptor has GTP.
GTP will not stay bound to an enzyme
61
When a receptor is activated, how many G Proteins can be activated?
Many! as long as ligamand is attached
62
What stops G Protein from being activated?
When the ligand dissaccosiates from the receptor
63
Ligand Gated Channel
- Most common type in nervous system
- Ion channels in membrane that open or close when a ligand binds. When ligand leaves, gate closes.
2 POTENTIAL CELL RESPONCES:
- (+) or (-) ... aka membrane potential
- Calcium = signaling ion... lets in calcium
64
Steroids Mediate what?
Cell signaling.
Steroids in cytoplasm. Can cross plasma membrane on own. Binds to receptor in cytoplasm then goes to nucleus where mRNA alters gene. Once left, it makes protein.
Cell response= transcription
65
Phosphorylation Cascade
a series of enzyme (kinase) that grabs phosphate to stick to another kinase
- Amplification and Regulation
- Dephosphorylate proteins
66
How might phosphate activity affect a phospholation cascade if it increase?
Might reduce cellular response.
| Are inverse. Phosphate activity decreases when the cascade increases and inversley the same.
67
Second Messenger Cascade
Not protein.
Includes Calcium
- Adenylyl Cyclase when activated takes ATP molecule and converts it into cAMP---> protein kinase----> cellular response
68
Which can regulate gene expression
Steroid transcription factors
69
Protein Kinase
A protein kinase is a kinase enzyme that modifies other proteins by chemically adding phosphate groups to them
Biosciences 1
flashcards
Decks in class (3)
# Cards
