BIOL 202 > Chapter 4: Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the Cell Theory state?

A
  • All organisms are composed of cells
  • All cells come from preexisting cells

Theories in science are supported by experimental data and are unlikely to change.

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2
Q

What are the two types of organisms and cells?

A
  • Prokaryotic organism (prokaryote) and Prokaryotic cell
  • Eukaryotic organism (eukaryote) and Eukaryotic cell

Prokaryotic cells are smaller and lack a nucleus, while eukaryotic cells are larger and contain a nucleus.

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3
Q

What are the basic architectures of the cell found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A
  • Plasma membrane
  • DNA
  • Cytoplasm
  • Ribosomes

These structures are essential for cell function.

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4
Q

What additional structures are found in prokaryotic cells?

A
  • Cell wall
  • Flagellum (pl. flagella)
  • Pilus (pl. pili)
  • Capsule

These structures aid in protection and movement.

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5
Q

What is the function of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?

A

Maintains genetic information (DNA)

The nucleus is surrounded by a membrane.

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6
Q

What are the two different types of membrane-bound organelles?

A
  • Derived from membrane invagination (endomembrane system)
  • Derived from endosymbiosis

This explains the origin of organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts.

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7
Q

What is the endosymbiotic theory?

A

Explains the origin of bacteria-like organelles (mitochondrion and chloroplast)

It suggests that these organelles were once free-living bacteria engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells.

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8
Q

What are the components of the phospholipid bilayer in cell membranes?

A
  • Hydrophilic head
  • Hydrophobic tail

This structure is crucial for the function of the plasma membrane.

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9
Q

What are the different types of membrane proteins?

A
  • Receptor proteins
  • Transport proteins
  • Enzymes

These proteins play key roles in communication and transport across the membrane.

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10
Q

What triggers the stress response in the body?

A

Adrenaline produced in the adrenal gland

Adrenaline circulates in the bloodstream and affects heart rate.

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11
Q

What are fingerprint proteins used for?

A
  • Distinguishing self vs. non-self cells
  • Distinguishing different cell types

Recognition proteins are critical for immune response.

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12
Q

What is the chance of finding a compatible stem cell donor in the family?

A

1 in 4

The chance in the stem cell registry is significantly lower, ranging from 1/450 to 1/750,000.

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13
Q

What do transport proteins do?

A

Provide a passage for molecules to enter the cell

An example is the glucose transporter.

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14
Q

What is passive transport?

A

No energy required; molecules move to equalize gradient

Molecules move according to the concentration gradient.

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15
Q

What are the three types of passive transport?

A
  • Diffusion
  • Facilitated diffusion
  • Osmosis

These processes allow molecules to move across the plasma membrane without energy.

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16
Q

What is the diffusion law?

A

Solutes move from high-concentration to low-concentration areas

This movement continues until equilibrium is reached.

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17
Q

What is a solute?

A

Molecules dissolved in water

Example: In sugar water, sugar is the solute.

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18
Q

What is the plasma membrane described as?

A

The gate deeper of the cell

It regulates the movement of molecules in and out of the cell.

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19
Q

Some molecules enter the cell easily, while others are _______.

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A

blocked

Some molecules require transport proteins to enter.

20
Q

Define solution.

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A

Mixture of molecules in water

Example: sugar water.

21
Q

What is a concentration gradient?

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A

Different areas of a solution have different concentrations of the solute

The larger the concentration difference, the larger the gradient.

22
Q

According to the diffusion law, solutes move from _______ to _______.

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A

high-concentration area to low-concentration area

This movement equalizes the concentration.

23
Q

What is passive transport?

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A

No energy required

Molecules move down the concentration gradient.

24
Q

What are the two types of diffusion?

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A
  • Simple diffusion
  • Facilitated diffusion

Simple diffusion occurs directly through the membrane, while facilitated diffusion uses transport proteins.

25
What is **osmosis**?
Type of passive transport describing the movement of water ## Footnote Water moves to reduce the concentration gradient.
26
Define **hypertonic solution**.
Solute concentration in the environment is higher than the cell ## Footnote This can lead to cell shrinkage.
27
Define **isotonic solution**.
Solute concentrations are balanced ## Footnote Water movement is balanced, maintaining cell size.
28
Define **hypotonic solution**.
Solute concentration in the environment is lower than the cell ## Footnote This can cause the cell to swell or burst.
29
What happens to a cell in a **hypertonic sugar solution**?
Water molecules will move out of the cell ## Footnote This results in cell shrinkage.
30
What happens to a cell in a **hypotonic solution**?
Water molecules will move INTO the cell ## Footnote This can cause the cell to expand and potentially burst.
31
What is **active transport**?
Energy required ## Footnote Molecules move against the concentration gradient.
32
What is the role of **vesicles** in cellular transport?
Transport large particles ## Footnote Vesicles are small membrane structures used in endocytosis and exocytosis.
33
What are the three types of **endocytosis**?
* Pinocytosis * Phagocytosis * Receptor-mediated endocytosis ## Footnote These processes intake molecules or particles into the cell.
34
What is **phagocytosis**?
Cell eating ## Footnote Cells engulf other organisms.
35
What is the critical safety rule regarding moving a victim who may have **injured their spine**?
Never move them unless their current location presents an immediate danger to their life ## Footnote Moving a victim with a potential spinal injury may cause further harm, such as lacerating the spinal cord.
36
What should you do when you are thirsty?
Drink water ## Footnote Don't forget to replenish electrolytes (salts) and seek expert advice.
37
Name the **three types of endocytosis**.
* Phagocytosis * Pinocytosis * Receptor-mediated endocytosis ## Footnote These processes involve the intake of molecules or particles into the cell.
38
What is **pinocytosis**?
Cell drinking; intake of particles, large molecules, and liquid ## Footnote An example is nutrition acquisition in the small intestine.
39
What is the role of **receptor-mediated endocytosis**?
Transport of LDL cholesterol into liver cells ## Footnote Liver cells have receptors for LDL, allowing them to uptake cholesterol.
40
What condition is characterized by an **inherited defect in LDL receptors**?
Familial hypercholesterolemia ## Footnote This condition leads to high LDL cholesterol levels in the blood and increased risk of cardiovascular diseases.
41
What is the function of the **Golgi apparatus**?
Processes and packages proteins, lipids, and other molecules for secretion ## Footnote It acts as the packaging center of the cell.
42
What is the **function of lysosomes**?
Contain digestive enzymes for recycling and disposal of cell parts ## Footnote Lysosomes digest invaders and break down old organelles.
43
What do **vacuoles** store?
* Water * Food * Wastes ## Footnote Vacuoles are membrane-bound storage sacs found in both animal and plant cells.
44
What is the role of the **cytoskeleton**?
Provides structural support and controls movement of organelles ## Footnote It is essential for cell shape and movement.
45
What are the **common features of mitochondria and chloroplasts**?
* Derived from endosymbiosis * Double membranes * Contain circular DNA * Generate chemical energy ## Footnote Mitochondria produce ATP while chloroplasts produce sugar.
46
In eukaryotic cells, ribosomes are found in two locations: **Rough ER** and _______.
Cytosol ## Footnote Ribosomes in the Rough ER synthesize proteins for secretion, while those in the cytosol synthesize proteins that stay in the fluid portion of the cytoplasm.
47
What is the role of **Centrioles** in animal cells?
Cell division ## Footnote Centrioles are absent from plant cells.
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