Biology > Chapter 4- DNA > Flashcards

Chapter 4- DNA Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

DNA

A
  • slight acid
  • rich in nitrogen and phosphorus
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2
Q

Role of DNA

A
  • carries hereditary information
  • controls cellular processes
  • able to replicate itself
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3
Q

Rosalind Franklin

A

discovered how DNA looks like

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4
Q

Watson and Crick

A
  • presented Rosalind Franklin’s discoveries
  • built famous model of double-helix structure
  • won the Nobel Prize for Physiology/Medicine in 1962
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5
Q

double-helix structure

A

the structure of DNA because it has two intertwined backbones

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6
Q

Parts of a nucleotide (or DNA)

A
  • deoxyribose
  • phosphate group
  • nitrogenous base
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7
Q

Nucleotide

A

each of the repeating units in DNA

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8
Q

Importance of Nitrogenous Bases

A

They provide a source of variation in DNA

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9
Q

How was DNA discovered

A

X-ray diffraction analysis
- DNA was bombarded with X-ray which produced a pattern on a photographic film.

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10
Q

How did DNA look at the photographic film?

A

This showed DNA as a corkscrew or helical shape

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11
Q

Deoxyribose

A

5-carbon sugar

  • numbered clockwise starting with the carbon to the right to the oxygen atom called 1’
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12
Q

Glycosyl Bond

A

sugar is attracted to nitrogenous base using 1’ carbon of the sugar using the bond.

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13
Q

Phosphodiester Bond

A

phosphate group attaches to the 5’ carbon of the sugar

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14
Q

3’ and 5’ carbons

A

used for the backbone

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15
Q

Antiparallel

A

two strands of nucleotides have one strand that runs from 3’ to 5’ and the other goes from 5’ to 3’ (one strand is upside down)

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16
Q

Purine

A

A or G
- two chemical rings

REMEMBER: Pure As Gold

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17
Q

Pyrimidines

A

C or T
- one chemical rings

REMEMBER: C.U.T.

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18
Q

Mitosis

A

DNA copies are made

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19
Q

Cytokinesis

A

After mitosis and is the actual splitting of the cell

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20
Q

Why can DNA unzip?

A
  • Bonds holding the base together can be broken
  • Both strands can be separated
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21
Q

Template Strand

A

strands of DNA can act as template strands so a new one can be made from it.

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22
Q

Semiconservative Replication

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A

describes DNA replication because each one of the parent strands makes a newly synthesised strand

  • DNA is present in the new copies
23
Q

Conservative Replication

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A
  • doesn’t apply for DNA replication
  • Would mean that the original DNA wouldn’t be present in the new copies which is no the case
24
Q

Replication Origin

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A

protein that indicates that replication has BEGUN when it binds to a specific site on the DNA.

25
DNA in Prokaryotes
closed and circular DNA
26
Replication Origins in Prokaryotes
has only one origin
27
Replication Origins in Eukaryotes
many replication origins - makes things faster because DNA is longer
28
Single-Stranded Binding Proteins (SSBs)
Attach to the single stranded DNA to block the strands from joining - preventing them from conforming to their tendency to anneal
28
DNA helicase
a protein established in the DNA after replication origins are set. It unwinds double helix by breaking hydrogen bonds between complementary bases.
29
Anneal
means to join - USE THIS WORD IN TEST
30
DNA gyrase
- 1st ENZYME IN THE PROCESS AFTER ALL PROTEINS - Relieves the tension created after DNA unwinds - solves the rope problem (each stand is wrapped around each other) - Does this by cutting both strands of DNA --> allows them to swivel around one another --> rejoins the cut strands VISUAL (https://docs.google.com/document/d/1uMyXZhACpb4qUdEJYG-dWKX6xyFdHjZrysR2bzFPrkE/edit?tab=t.0)
31
Replication Fork
- the area of DNA that's just about to be separated - many replication forms in eukaryotic DNA because its larger than prokaryotic DNA --> DNA is copies faster
32
Replication Bubble
areas where the forks are close to other ones VISUAL (https://docs.google.com/document/d/1uMyXZhACpb4qUdEJYG-dWKX6xyFdHjZrysR2bzFPrkE/edit?tab=t.mue80e7eoib)
33
What proteins and enzymes are used to unwind DNA
Proteins: - replication origin - DNA helicase - Single-strand binding proteins (SSBs) Enzymes - DNA gyrase
34
How many enzymes Used to build DNA in prokaryotes?
3 enzymes - DNA polymerase 1 - DNA polymerase 2 - DNA polymerase 3
34
What enzymes are used to build complementary strands of DNA
Enzymes - DNA polymerase 1 - DNA polymerase 3 - primase - DNA ligase Primer - RNA primer Exonuclease
35
How many enzymes Used to build DNA in eukaryotes?
5 enzymes
36
DNA polymerase 3
enzyme that builds new complementary strands by adding free-floating dNTPs - synthesises in the 5' to 3' direction
37
What direction does DNA polymerase 3 synthesise DNA?
In the 5' to 3' direction
38
deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate
is dNTPs can be: - dATP - dTTP - dGTP - dCTP DNA is made using dNTP's which will then become nucleotides after they bond together.
39
ribonucleoside triphosphate
is NTP can be: - ATP - CTP - GTP - UTP **TTP is UTP because RNA needs uracil not thymine
40
dNTP's connection to ATP (edit after you find more information)
- both have three phosphates
41
Why do dNTP's have three phosphate groups but a regular nucleotide only has one group?
DNA polymerase 3 gets the energy to attach dNTP's from breaking two of their phosphates off --> dNTP becomes a nucleotide
42
RNA primer
RNA strand has a free 3' OH group at its end. DNA polymerase then uses this 3' OH as the starting point to begin DNA synthesis, adding nucleotides in the 5' to 3' direction. DNA would grow from 3' - attaches to template strand - temporary and will bereaved by DNA polymerase 1
43
primase
makes RNA primer
44
What are primers made of?
They made of RNA, not DNA
45
Leading Strand
and that is being build from RNA primer. - continuous polymerisation (no segments ) grows toward replication fork
46
Lagging Strand
has to be built because it has to be made into short segments and they must be joined together later on - non-contiguous polymerisation grows away from replication fork (but still in the 5'-3' direction)
47
Okazaki Fragments
short segments of DNA that have primers (correlated with lagging strands)
48
DNA polymerase 1
removes primers from the leading and leggings strands and replaces them with appropriate dNTP's
49
DNA ligase
joins Okazaki fragments together, attaching the DNA backbone by creating phosphodiester bonds
50
Exonuclease
DNA polymerase 1 and 3 act as exonuclease which goes back one position and cuts the bad dNTP out and pits the proper one in place.
51
What it the exonuclease looking for ?
dATP complements with dTTP (A and T) dGTP complements with dCTP (G and C) - just like complementary base pairing
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