Anatomy > Chapter 4: Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Integumentary System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two components if the integumentary system?

A
  1. ) Cutaneous Membrane

2. ) Accessory Structures

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2
Q

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

A
  1. ) protects deeper tissues (see slide for all)
  2. ) aids in heat regulation
  3. ) aids in excretion of urea and uric acid
  4. ) Synthesizes vitamin D
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3
Q

What are 4 epidermis characteristics?

A
  1. ) Stratified squamous epithelium
  2. ) Lacks blood vessels but can divide
  3. ) As new cells grow, push older ones to surface
  4. ) Outer most layer is dead
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4
Q

What are the 4 Epidermal cell types?

A

Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Langerhan cells
Merkel cells

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5
Q

What do Keratinocytes do? What percent of epidermal cells are keratinocytes?

A

produce keratin and provide protection

90%

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6
Q

Where do langerhan cells come from? what system are they in?

A

bone marrow; immune system

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7
Q

what do merkel cells do?

A

form touch receptors with sensory neuron

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8
Q

_______ cells divide to produce _________ at the __________

A

stem; keratinocytes; basal lamina

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9
Q

As Keratinocytes are pushed up towards to surface they…… (2 things)

A
  • fill with keratin and oils

- slowly die

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10
Q

How long is a keratinocytes journey?

A

4 weeks unless outer layers removed by abrasion

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11
Q

What are the five layers of epidermis?

A
  1. ) stratum germinativum
  2. ) stratum spinosum
  3. ) stratum granulosum
  4. ) stratum lucidum
  5. ) stratum corneum
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12
Q

what layer of cells is the stratum germinativum?
what cells make up this stratum?
what do they attach to and by what?

A
  • Deepest single layer of cells
  • Combination of merkel cells, melanocytes, keratinocytes, and stem cells that divide repeatedly
  • cells attached to each other and to basal lamina by desmosomes and hemidesmosomes
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13
Q

What two layers does the stratum germinativum connect?

A

dermis and epidermis

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14
Q

How many cell layers thick is the stratum spinosum?

A

8-10

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15
Q

What happens in the stratum spinosum?

A

melanin taken in by phagocytes from nearby melanocytes. During slide preparation, cells shrink and look spiny

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16
Q

How many layers thick is the stratum granulosum?

are these cells dead or alive

A

3-5 layers of flat dying cells

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17
Q

What does the stratum granulosum contain and why is this important?

A

It contains dark-staining keratohyalin granules. This is important because these granules release lipid that repels water. It makes the cells oily so water can’t come in or out

**so skin can’t go bad (butter analogy)

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18
Q

Where is the stratum lucidum located?

How many layers of cells?

A

seen in thick skin on palms and soles of feet only

3-5 layers of clear, flat, dead cells

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19
Q

How many layers thick is the stratum corneum? describe the cells in these layers

A

25-30 layers of flat dead cells filled with keratin and surrounded by lipids

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20
Q

What is the purpose of the stratum corneum?

A

barrier to light, heat, water, chemicals, and bacteria (protection)

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21
Q

friction of the stratum corneum stimulates ________ formation

A

callus

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22
Q

give 3 characteristics of thick skin?

A
  • palmer and planter surface
  • about 30 layers of stratum corneum
  • all 5 layers
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23
Q

give 3 characteristics of thin skin

A
  • rest of body surfaces
  • fewer layers of stratum corneum
  • no stratum lucidum
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24
Q

what is another name for fingerprints?

A

epidermal ridges

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25
what stratum forms these ridges that extend into the dermis?
germinativum
26
Why are epidermal ridges important?
they increase the surface area and friction therefore increasing the grip in hands and also in feet
27
melanocytes release vesicles called ___________ into keratinocytes
melanosomes
28
True or False: | Everyone has a similar number of melanocytes
true
29
the amount of pigment produces by melanocytes is determined by 2 factors......
1. ) genetic control | 2. ) respond to melanocyte stimulating hormone
30
What increases melanin production?
UV light
31
a little UV converts a steroid precursor in the skin into what? too much UV can do what?
- vitamin D | - too much can damage chromosomes and cause 1st degree burns
32
Melanin production in people is directly correlated to......
latitude where the population is indigenous
33
Melanocytes convert ______ to melanin
tyrosine
34
Black or brown melanin is called what? | Red-brown melanin is called what?
eumelanin | pheomelanin
35
describe Carotene
- yellow-orange pigment (precursor of vitamin A) | - found in stratum corneum and subcutaneous
36
describe hemoglobin
red, oxygen carrying pigment in blood cells | -if other pigments are not present, epidermis is translucent so pinkness will be evident
37
What are the two layers of the dermis?
Papillary layer and Reticular layer
38
what three things make up the papillary layer?
areolar connective tissue capillaries and neurons dermal papillae
39
describe the reticular layer of the dermis
- anchoring layer - large vessels, nerves, adipocytes, arrector pili muscle - dense irregular CT (collagen: strength elastic: strength, flexibility)
40
What is the cutaneous plexus and where is it located?
- network of arteries and veins supplying skin with blood | - located in subcutaneous layer
41
What does the papillary plexus do? where is it located?
- helps nourish epidermal layer | - follows epidermal/dermal boundry
42
Lines of Cleavage
look at slides
43
What connective tissues and fibers are located in the hypodermis?
CT: areolar, adipose Fibers: collagen, elastic
44
True or False: | the hypodermis is a bad insulator
false; | adipose acts as a good layer (layer of fat)
45
What else is located in the hypodermis?
major blood vessels and nerves
46
what does the hypodermis do?
stabilizes the skin
47
hair is located on most surfaces except....
plantar/palmer parts of digits lips eyelids (except eyelashes)
48
What are the three types of hair?
Vellus: "peach fuzz" Terminal: thicker with darker pigment Intermediate: arms
49
The part of the hair that you can see is called the....?
shaft
50
the base of the hair follicle is the....?
bulb
51
the _______ part of the hair penetrates into the dermis | what surrounds this part?
root | hair follicle
52
each individual hair consists of 3 things:
cuticle cortex medulla
53
what are the functions of hair?
protection reduction of heat loss (more accessory) sensing light touch
54
What is the purpose of the Root hair plexus?
has sensory nerves surrounding the follicle that detect hair movement
55
what is the Arrector Pili?
smooth muscle that moves hair (goosebumps)
56
What are the 3 stages of hair growth? describe them
Anagen: may last up to 6 years depending on the body part; matrix cells at base of hair root producing length Catagen: lasts up to 2 weeks; matrix cells inactive and follicle atrophies (no growth) Telogen: hair follicle remains dorment; hair is eventually pushed out by new hair as cycle renews
57
hair color is the result of________
melanin produced in melanocytes in hair blub
58
``` what kind of melanin is located in these hair colors: Brown/Black Blonde Red Gray ```
Brown/Black: large amounts of eumelanin Blonde: little eumelanin Red: high relative pheomelanin Gray: decline in all melanin production
59
What are the 4 specialized exocrine glands found in the dermis?
sebaceous (oil) glands Sudoriferous (sweat) glands Ceruminous (wax) glands Mammary (milk) glands
60
What does sebacous glands secrete? how do these secrete this? what does this secretion do?
sebum holocrine secretion decreases evaporation and bacterial growth
61
where is sebum released if there is hair? | what if there is no hair?
hair: released into the follicle | no hair: secreted onto epidermis
62
What are sudoriferous glands?
sweat glands that are coiled tubular glands
63
what are the two types of sudoriferous glands?
merocrine and apocrine
64
describe merocrine sweat glands
- Use merocrine system of exocrine secretion - on most body surfaces (greatest on palms) - not associated with hair follicle - watery secretion called sensible perspiration made of water, urea, and NaCl - function: cooling, excretion, protection
65
describe apocrine sweat glands
- use the merocrine system of exocrine secretion - associated with hair follicle - located in axillae, areolae, groin - produces viscous secretion starting at puberty - Functions: reduce friction, cooling, secrete pheromones
66
What are 2 modified apocrine glands?
Mammary (lactiferous) for milk production | Ceruminous in external ear (secretion mixes with sebu to create ear wax)
67
What are the 4 different parts of the nail
- nail body: keratinized, plate-like structure - nail bed: surface of skin that covers nail body - nail root: source of nail production - lunula: whitish, half-moon region at base of nail plate due to obscured blood vessels
68
What is the purpose of having nails?
to scratch manipulate environment protect hand/feet to counteract pressure put on connective tissue
69
What are burns?
tissue damage and cell death caused by heat, electricity, UV radiation, or chemicals
70
what are three associated dangers with burns?
dehydration electrolyte imbalance circulatory shock
71
describe the three types of burns
1st: skin red and swollen, only epidermis damaged 2nd: skin red with blisters; epidermis and upper dermis damaged 3rd: gray-white or black; destroys entire layer (no skin)
72
what percent of your body must have 3rd degree burns to kill you? what about 2nd?
10%+ for 3rd degree | 25%+ for 2nd
73
what are characteristic effects of aging?
``` less hair reduced blood supply dermis tends to thin drying of epidermis fewer melanocytes ```
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