Chapter 4 - Nervous system

Question 1

what makes up the nervous system

Answer 1

The brain, spinal-cord and nerves

Question 2

What are the two parts of the nervous system

Answer 2

• Central nervous system: Brain and spinal cord

- Peripheral nervous system: Nerves that connect the CNS with receptors, muscles and glands

Question 3

What are the three structures that protect the CNS

Answer 3

• Bone (cranium and vertebral canal)
• Meninges
• Cerebrospinal fluid

Question 4

what are the meninges

Answer 4

membranes covering the brain and spinal cord

Question 5

what are the three layers of the meninges

Answer 5

• Dura mater (outer layer) tough and fibrous
• Arachnoid mater (middle layer) loose mesh of fibres
• Pia mater (inner layer) delicate, contains blood vessels

Question 6

Cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 6

protective fluid produced in the cavities of the brain. Fills brain cavities and surrounds brain, spinal-cord and the space between the middle and inner meninges

Question 7

Three functions of Cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 7

• Protection: acts as shock absorber
• Support: brain is suspended in cranium and floats in fluid surrounding it
• Transport: Forms from blood and circulates around the CNS before re-entering the blood capillaries. Takes nutrients to the cells of the brain and spinal cord and carries away their wastes

Question 8

Cerebrum

Answer 8

Largest part of the brain. Surface is folded into convolutions to increase surface area

Question 9

Grey matter

Answer 9

Part of the brain and spinal cord made up of nerve cells and unmyelinated fibres

Question 10

Cerebral cortex

Answer 10

Outer layer of the cerebrum made up of grey matter

Question 11

White matter

Answer 11

Part of the brain and spinal cord made up of myelinated fighters

Question 12

Basal ganglia

Answer 12

Masses of grey matter inside each cerebral Hemisphere

Question 13

Frontal lobe

Answer 13

Thinking, problem-solving, emotions, personality, language, control of movement

Question 14

Parietal lobe

Answer 14

Processing sensations (temperature, touch, taste, pain and movement)

Question 15

Temporal lobe

Answer 15

Processing memories, receives auditory information

Question 16

Occipital lobe

Answer 16

Vision

Question 17

Insula

Answer 17

fifth lobe deep inside brain. Recognition of different senses and emotions, addiction and psychiatric disorders

Question 18

what are the three functional areas of the cortex

Answer 18

• Sensory areas: interpret impulses from receptors
• Motor areas: control muscular movements
• Association areas: intellectual and emotional processes (reasoning, judgement, personality)

Question 19

Cerebral cortex function

Answer 19

Higher order functions such as thinking, reasoning, memory, learning, awareness of surroundings

Question 20

Corpus callosum

Answer 20

Large bundle of nerve fibres that connects and acts as communication between the two hemispheres.

Question 21

Cerebellum function

Answer 21

Coordination of fine contractions of muscles, posture, balance

Question 22

Hypothalamus function

Answer 22

Homeostasis, heart rate, blood pressure, digestive system, appetite, thirst metabolism, body temp,

Question 23

Medulla oblongata function

Answer 23

Under influence of hypothalamus, regulates heart, breathing and diameter of blood vessels

Question 24

Spinal cord function

Answer 24

Provides a pathway for communication between muscles and glands in the brain

Question 25

What is the PNS composed of

Answer 25

- Nerve fibres (carry info to and from CNS) | - Ganglia (groups of nerve cell bodies outside the brain or spinal cord)

Question 26

Cranial nerves

Answer 26

twelve pairs of nerves that arise from the brain (eg, Optic and auditory nerve)

Question 27

sensory fibres

Answer 27

Fibre that carries impulses into the CNS

Question 28

Motor fibres

Answer 28

Fibre that carries impulses away from the CNS

Question 29

Spinal nerves

Answer 29

thirty one pairs of nerves that arise from the spinal cord. joined to spinal cord by dorsal and ventral roots

Question 30

Ventral root

Answer 30

Contains the axon of the motor neurons that have the cell bodies in the grey matter of the spinal-cord

Question 31

dorsal root

Answer 31

Contains axons of sensory neurons that have the cell bodies in a small swelling on the dorsal route called the dorsal root ganglion

Question 32

Afferent division of PNS

Answer 32

Carry impulses INTO the CNS by sensory neurons from receptors in the skin and around the muscles and joints. further divided into: Somatic sensory neurons (brings impulses from the skin and muscles) and Visceral sensory neurons (brings impulses from the internal organs)

Question 33

Efferent division of the PNS

Answer 33

Carry impulses AWAY from the CNS. divided into the somatic division (takes impulses from CNS to the skeletal muscles) and the autonomic division (carries impulses from CNS to heart muscle, involuntary muscles and glands)

Question 34

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system

Answer 34

Sympathetic division (opposes function of parasympathetic) and parasympathetic division (opposes function of sympathetic)

Question 35

Fight or flight response

Answer 35

A response preparing the body for increased activity. Brought about by stimulation of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

Question 36

compare the autonomic and somatic divisions of the PNS

Answer 36