What is a mode of reproduction?
Dominant cultural pattern by which a population pattern of a society changed in relation to fertility and motility rate
How do anthropologists study reproduction?
- in relation to production systems
- how cultural practice influence the production and reproductive process
Describe reproduction in foraging societies
- moderate birth and death rates
- value of children: moderate
- long birth intervals
- low fat diet for women
- prolonged breast feeding
- induced abortion and infanticide
Describe reproduction in agricultural societies?
- high growth rate
- very high number of children (family’s need labourers)
- increased reliance on direct means of birth control
- gender division of labour values work
Describe reproduction in industrial societies?
- negative population growth
- invest more resources in fewer children
- birth control personal option instead of social expectation
- management of reproduction now very highly specialized
How did roles change from agriculture to industrialization
Women became part workers because of consumer patterns effecting birth rare
What is the demographic transition
Refers to long term historical trend in fertility and mortality
What are the three distinguishing fetchers in the industrial mode of reproduction
- Stratified reproduction
- Population aging
- high uses of medical technologies in all aspects of pregnancy
What is stratified reproduction
- related to class and ethnicity
- income and social inequality
- race
- roles of state and policies
What influences when to start having sex/babies and stop having sex and babies and how many children to have?
- cultural guidelines
- government policies
- international organizations
What are the three levels of fertility decision making?
- family
- state
- global
What is personality?
- an individuals patterned and characteristic way of behaving thinking and feeling
- gained largely from enculturation
- “internalization of culture” -can change (personality flexibility
What are some factors that may shape personality?
- birth settings
- parent child bonding
- sex and gender
Describe horticulture and industrial construction of personality
Horticulture - nurturant responsible personality (caring and sharing)
Industrial - dependent dominant personality (dominance toward other children, need more care from others) (narcissistic personality)
What are the arguments about gender biological or anthropological?
Biological constructed approach - personality is in the chromosome
Cultural constructed approach - if all in the chromosome then all boys/ girls should be the same through history and no teaching is needed
What the difference between puberty and adolescence
Puberty is biological (able to have sex) adolescence is cultural (when it’s acceptable to have sex (grow up))
What are coming on age rituals?
-initiation rituals
Often involve body modification, including cutting or scaring
What is a rite of passage?
A ritual that serves to mark the movement and transformation of an individual from one social position to another
Van Gennep distinguished these three components in tires of passage rituals
- Rights of separation
- Rites of transformation (liminal stage)
- Rites of reincorporation
What is gender pluralism?
The existence within a culture of multiple categories of femininity, masculinity and androgyny that are tolerated and legitimate
What is a “third gender”
Some cultures permit the expression of varied forms of sexual orientation
What is the berdache?
A third gender that is biologically a man but performs female gender roles
Describe the cultural construction of personality in aldulthood
- parent hood (acting responsibly- culture based )
- middle age (midlife crisis)
- old age (nonindustrial cultures respect elders more)
What is matrescence ? Patrescence)
Matre- cultural process of becoming a mother
Patre - cultural process of becoming a father
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Unit One16
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Chapter 2 Feild Work19
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Chapter 3 Ecinomic Anthropology26
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Chapter 4 Reproduction And Human Development25
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Chapter 5 Ethnomedicine26
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Chapter 6 Kinship And Domestic Life20
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Chapter 7 Social Groups24
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Chapter 8 Political Anthropology23
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Chapter 9 Linguistic Anthropology18
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Chapter 10 Religon22
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Chapter 11 Migration11
