These make up the majority of the human body’s tissues and are responsible for the movement of the body and the movement of materials within the body.
Muscles.
A type of muscle found in the lining of the digestive tract, within arteries, and in the reproductive system; controlled by the autonomic nervous system.
Smooth muscle.
A type of muscle named for its striped appearance; includes cardiac and skeletal muscles.
Striated muscle.
Produces the pumping action of the heart.
Cardiac muscle.
Attached to bones; produces the majority of body movement.
Skeletal muscle.
An individual muscle cell.
Muscle fiber.
The contraction of a single muscle fiber.
Twitch.
A long fiber strand running the length of a muscle fiber that is responsible for contraction.
Myofibril.
A boundary line for each sarcomere within a myofibril.
Z line.
A protein that makes up the thin filaments of the myofibril.
Actin.
A protein that makes up the thick filaments of the myofibril.
Myosin.
In a resting muscle fiber, actin is covered by this protein, which prevents actin from interacting with myosin.
Troponin.
A muscle fiber containing Type I myosin filaments and large numbers of mitochondria that contract slowly using aerobic metabolism; primarily responsible for movement requiring endurance.
Slow-twitch fiber.
A muscle fiber containing Type IIa or Type IIb myosin filaments that contains few mitochondria, uses anaerobic metabolism, and contracts rapidly; primarily responsible for movement requiring explosive strength.
Fast-twitch fiber.
Type IIb fibers can contract up to ___ times faster than Type I fibers.
Ten.
A spinal motor neuron directly responsible for signaling a muscle fiber to contract.
Alpha motor neuron.
A synapse formed between an alpha motor neuron axon terminal and a muscle fiber.
Neuromuscular junction.
Is made up of a single alpha motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates. Includes either fast- or slow-twitch fibers, but not both.
Motor unit.
How do we control muscle contractions?
Method 1: To vary the firing rate of motor neurons.
Method 2: Recruitment - the process of gradually activating more motor units as an increasing load is placed on a muscle.
A sensory structure that provides feedback regarding muscle stretch.
Muscle spindle.
One of the fibers outside the muscle spindle that is responsible for contracting the muscle.
Extrafusal muscle fiber.
A large, fast sensory axon that connects a muscle spindle to neurons in the spinal cord.
Ia sensory fiber.
Tells the intrafusal muscle fibers regarding accurate information about how far the muscle was stretched.
Gamma motor neurons.
A structure located in the tendons of muscles that provides information about muscle contraction.
Golgi tendon organ.
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Chapter 0: Anatomy & Evolution of the Nervous System69
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Chapter 0: Foundations of Biopsychology - Cells of the Nervous System58
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Biological Psychology32
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Chapter 2: Sensory & Motor Systems - Visual System55
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Chapter 3: Sensory & Motor Systems - Hearing, Touch, Smell, and Taste74
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Chapter 4: Sensorimotor Systems36
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Chapter 5: Brain Plasticity37
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Chapter 6: Brain Damage & Plasticity48
