Advanced Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 4: Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Tissue Flashcards

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1
Q

Tissues

A

Groups of cells in similar structure that perform common or related function

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2
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissue

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3
Q

What are the 4 basic types of tissues?

A

1) Epithelial
2) Connective
3) Muscle
4) Nervous Tissue

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4
Q

What steps do you need to do to look at a tissue in detail under a microscope?

A

1) Fixed (Preserved)
2) Sectioned (sliced)
3) Stained (colored)

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5
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

A sheet of cells that covers body surfaces or cavities

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6
Q

What are the 2 main forms of epithelial tissue?

A

1) Covering and lining epithelia

2) Glandular epithelia

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7
Q

What are the main functions of epithelial tissue?

A
  • Protection
  • Absorption
  • Secretion
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8
Q

What are the special characteristics of Epithelial Tissues?

A
  1. Polarity
  2. Specialized contacts
  3. Supported by connective tissues
  4. Avascular, but innervated
  5. Regeneration
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9
Q

Polarity

A
  • Apical (top)

- Basal (bottom)

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10
Q

Specialized contacts

A

Special cell contacts including desmosomes and right junctions

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11
Q

Supported by connective tissues

A
  • Basal surface is connected to connective tissue

- Gives structural support, nutrients and helps resist epithelial tears

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12
Q

Avascular, but innervated

A
  • Connective tissue supplies blood because there are no blood vessels in the epithelial tissue
  • There are many nerve endings in epithelial tissue
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13
Q

Regeneration

A
  • Epithelial cells are often destroyed, so they are easily replaced and undergo mitosis often
  • Some cells are exposed to friction, some to hostile substances, resulting in damage
    • Ex: Stomach lining
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14
Q

Simple Epithelial

A

Involved in absorption, secretion or filtration processes

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15
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelialium

A

Cells are flattened laterally and cytoplasm is sparse
- Function: rapid diffusion
• Ex: lungs, blood vessels

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16
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

A
  • Function: secretion and absorption

• Ex: smallest ducts of glands, kidney tubules

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17
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium

A

Some cells have microvilli (absorption), and some have cilia (movement)
Some layers contain mucus-secreting goblet cells (secretion)
- Function: in absorption, secretion and movement of mucus, enzymes and other substances
• Ex: in small intestines, gallbladder

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18
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

A

Many cells are ciliated
- Function: involved in secretion, particularly of mucus, and also in movement of mucus via ciliary sweeping action
• Ex: trachea

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19
Q

Stratified Epithelial Tissues

A

Involve 2 or more layers of cells
New cells regenerate from below
• Basal cells divide and migrate toward surface
• More durable than simple epithelia because protection is the major role

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20
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A
  • Most widespread of stratified epithelia
  • Free surface is squamous, with deeper cuboidal or columnar layers
  • Located in area of high wear and tear (ex: skin)
  • Keratinized cells found in skin; nonkeratinized cells are found in moist linings
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21
Q

Glandular Epithelia

A

Classified by:

  1. Site of product release
  2. Relative number of cells forming the gland
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22
Q

Gland

A

One or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid called a secretion

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23
Q

Endocrine

A
  • Internally secreting
  • Ductless glands
    • Ex: hormones
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24
Q

Exocrine

A
  • Externally secreting
  • More common and have ducts
    • Ex: Sweat, salivary
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25
What are the sites of product release of Glandular Epithelia?
1) Endocrine | 2) Exocrine
26
What are the "relative number of cells forming the gland"?
* Unicellular | * Multicellular
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Unicellular
• Ex: goblet cells
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Multicellular
3 Types: • Merocrine • Holocrine • Apocrine
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Merocrine
Secrete using exocytosis (sweat gland)
30
Holocrine
Accumulate products than rupture sebaceous oil glands
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Apocrine
Accumulates products within and then only the top rupture (possibly mammary glands)
32
What are the major functions of connective tissue?
Binding and support, protecting, insulating, storing reserve fuel, and transporting substances (blood)
33
What are the 4 main classes of connective tissue?
- Connective tissue proper - Cartilage - Bone - Blood
34
What are the 3 common characteristics of Connective Tissue?
1. Common embryonic 2. Varying degrees of vascularity 3. Cells are suspended/ embedded in extracellular matrix (ECM)
35
Common Embryonic Origin
All arise from mesenchyme tissue as their tissue of origin
36
Varying degrees of vascularity
Different amounts of blood vessels, for example, cartilage is avascular, bone is highly vascularized
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Cells are suspended/ embedded in extracellular matrix (ECM)
* ECM is a protein-sugar mesh | * Matrix supports cells to make them durable
38
What are the 3 main structural elements of connective tissues?
* Ground substance * Fibers * Cells
39
What elements make up the extracellular matrix?
Ground Substance and Fibers
40
Ground Substance
Unstructured gel-like material that fills space between cells • Medium through which solutes diffuse between blood capillaries and cells
41
What are the components of Ground Substance?
* Interstitial fluid * Cell adhesion proteins ("glue" for attachment) * Proteglycans (sugar proteins) * Water
42
What are the 3 types of connective tissue fibers?
* Collagen * Elastic Fibers * Reticular
43
Collagen
Strongest and most abundant type of fiber
44
Elastic Fiber
Allow for stretch and recoil
45
Reticular
• Short, fine, highly branched collagenous fibers | Branching forms networks that offer more "give"
46
Cells
"Blast" cells | - Immature form of cells that actively secretes ground substance and ECM fibers
47
What are the 3 types of "Blast" cells?
1. Fibroblasts 2. Chondroblasts 3. Osteoblasts
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Fibroblasts
Found in connective tissue proper
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Chondroblasts
Found in cartilage
50
Osteoblasts
Found in bone
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"Cyte" cells
Mature, less active form of "blast" cells, that now becomes part of and helps maintain health of matrix
52
What are the other types of cells found in connective tissues?
* Fat cells * White blood cells * Mast cells * Macrophages
53
Fat cells
Store nutrients
54
White blood cells
Tissue response to injury
55
Mast cells
Initiate local inflammatory response against foreign microorganism story detect
56
Macrophages
Phagocytic cells that "eat" dead cells, microorganisms | - function in immune system
57
Connective Tissue Proper
* CT Proper: Loose connective tissue | * CR Proper: Dense connective tissue
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Loose Connective Tissue
- Areolar - Adipose - Reticular
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Areolar Loose Connective Tissue
Universal packaging material between other tissues; supports and binds other tissues • Contains fibroblasts that secrete loose arrangement of mostly collagen fibers
60
Adipose Loose Connective Tissue
Shock absorption, insulation, and energy storage • Fat tissue • Similar to areolar tissue but greater in nutrient storage • Richly vascularized
61
Reticular Loose Connective Tissue
Form a mesh-like stroma that acts as a support for blood cells in lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow
62
Dense Connective Tissue
Function: Very high tensile strength; can withstand high tension and stretching • Made up of collagen fibers • Vascularized
63
What are the 3 different types of Dense Connective Tissue?
- Dense Regular - Dense Irregular - Elastic
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Dense regular
Very strong, stretches in one direction, found in dermis, joints, ligaments
65
Dense irregular
Can stretch in multiple directions, also in the dermis
66
Elastic
Very stretchy, found in some ligament and around blood vessels
67
Cartilage
* Matrix secreted from chondroblasts (during growth) and chondrocytes (adults) * Tough yet flexible material that lacks nerve fibers * Avascular
68
Avascular
Receives nutrients from membrane surrounding it (perichondrium)
69
What are the 3 types of cartilage?
1. Hyaline cartilage 2. Elastic cartilage 3. Fibrocartilage
70
Hyaline cartilage
Found at tips of long bones, nose, trachea, larynx, and cartilage of the ribs
71
Elastic Cartilage
Found in ears and epiglottis | • Similar to Hyaline but with more elastic fibers
72
Fibrocartilage
Strong so found in areas such as intervertebral discs and joints • Properties between hyaline and dense regular tissue
73
Bone
Function: supports and protects body structures; stores fat and synthesizes blood cells in cavities • Osteoblasts produce matrix • Osteocytes maintain the matrix - Osteons: individual structural units - Richly vascularized
74
Blood
Function: transports and carries nutrients, wastes, gases and other substances * Contains white blood cells and platelets * Fibers are soluble proteins that precipitate during blood clotting
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