Chapter 4: Tissues Flashcards by MaKenna Hanson

Study of tissues

Histology

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Groups of cells that work together

Tissues

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4 types of tissues:

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Neural

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What covers the surface inside and out

Epithelial

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Secrete waste products and hormones

Glandular

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Characteristics of epithelial tissue

Cellularity (tightly packed cells)
Attachment
Avascular
Regenerative

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Functions of epithelial tissue:

Protects from impact of friction
Controls what enters and leaves
Provides sensation
Creates secreations

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2 regions of epithelial cell:

Basolateral-bottom, deep-connects to underling tissues

Apical-surface

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Part that is exposed to surface

Apical

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Structures of epithelia:

Microvilli-increased surface area for absorption

Stereocilia-

Ciliated epithilium-

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What are the shapes of the epithelia?

Squamous-flat
Cuboidal-square
Columnar-rectangular

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What are the layers in the epithelia?

Simple-secretes and absorbs

Stratified-many layers

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Simple squamous-

Stratified squamous-

Secretes and absorbs (ex:lung)

Multiple layers of flat cells (Ex:skin)

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Single layer of square cells (glands,ducts); limited protections, sensation, absorption
Protection, many layers (ex:lining of ducts)
change in thickness due to stretching (ex:urinary bladder)

Simple cuboidal-

Stratified cuboidal-

Transitional cuboidal

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single layer of rectangular cells secretes and absorbs (ex:lining of small intestines)
single layer but looks layered, many different cells mixed together (ex:trachea)
protections, multiple layers of abrasion (ex:salivary gland, ducts)

Simple columnar

Pseudostatified

Stratified columnar

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Secretes Hormones to the inside of the body, no glandular ducts.
regulate and coordinate body activities.
example:pancreas, thyroid gland, pituitary gland, adrinal glands

Endocrine

Hormones

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Release material to the outside of the body; have ducts.

-ex:sweat gland, oil glands, tear ducts

Exocrine

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Modes of secretions:

no cell damage, release sac/vesicles of material
release materials with some cytoplasm; cell survives
cell explodes/destroyed when released (ex:hair and skin)

Merocrine
Apocrine
Holocrine

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Types of secretion:

usually enzymes;water secretion
thick lubricator
watery with lubricator as a combination

Serous
Mucous
Mixed

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What are the 3 parts all connective tissues have?

1) specialized cell
2) fiber
3) ground substance

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Functions of connective tissue:

Framework-bones
Transports-blood 
Protects-cartilage, bone, fat
Supports other tissues
Stores energy
Defines against infection

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Has a thick ground substance; many different types of cells and fibers
Example:fats, tendons, ligaments

Connective tissue proper

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Connective tissue proper can be:
A) fibers create loose, open framework (fat)
B) fibers densely packed

Loose

Dense

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Watery matrix, specific cells;protects and supports;

_____~contained in circulatory system
____~contained in the lymphatic system

Fluid connective tissue
Blood
Lymph

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Support and densely packed fibers * ____~solid, rubbery matrix * ____~solid, crystalline matrix

Supporting connective tissue Cartilage Bone

Deep, connects to underlining tissues

Basolateral

What are the structures of epithelial cell?

Microvilli Stereocilia Ciliatated epithilium

Small, increased surface area for absorption

Microvilli

Large, picks up vibration in ears

Stereocilia

Medium, (cilia), moved stuff on surface of cell

Ciliated epithilium

Multiple layers of flat cells, example: skin

Stratified squamous

3 parts to connective tissue

Cell Fiber Grand substance

make the ground substances, most abundant

Fibroblasts

destroys damaged cells, or pathogens - shows up early - signals immune system

Macrophages

fat cells cushion and insulate

Adipocytes

stem cells, producing new tissue

Mesenchymal

causes swelling, release hystomenes and hephran

Mast cells

form plasma cells. Defend against disease

Lymphocytes

makes antibodies

Plasma cells

small eater eats away scar tissue, thick straight, strong. Give strength (collagen)

Microphages

Connective tissue fibers: - gives strength - net like thin, holds structures together - thin fibers that branch (split), stretch, bounce back, very flexible

Collagen Reticular fibers Elastic fibers

Fills the area between the cells and fibers

Ground substance

Embryonic connective tissue: | -first tissue to form in fetus and adults after injury; only found in embryo

Mesenchyme

Fills area between organs

Loose connective tissues

Loose connective tissues: | -separates skin from deeper layers

Areolar tissue

Loose connective tissue: -fat cells • ______harder to burn • ______burns faster

Adipose tissue White fat Brown fat

Loose connective tissue: | -this stabilizes organs of the body. Sheets of tissue cargo net

Reticular tissue

Tightly packed

Dense connective tissue

Tendons, ligaments, mostly collagen goes strong one way

Dense regular connective tissue

Mostly collagen, no regular pattern, resist forces from other directions

Dense irregular connective tissue

Sheets of tendon-carries and transports

Aponeurosis

Fluid connective tissues: - transports around the body - purify tissue by removing toxins as excess water

Blood | lymph

Red blood cells; transports

Erythrocytes

Fights infection; white blood cells

Leukocytes

Thrombocytes, clotter of blood

Platelets

Liquid portion of blood

Plasma

Give support/bone cartilage

Supporting connective tissue

Made up of condrocytes ground substance-conjoin

Cartilage

Cartilage cell

Chondrocytes

Outer protective covering

Perichondrium

A vascular, ground substance

Chondroitin sulfate

Cartilage growth: - new cells inside; old cells outside (knee joint) - old cells deep-young outside

Interstitial | Appositional

Types of cartilage:

Hyaline Elastic Fibrocartilage

Most common, main jobs: reduce friction, gives support

Hyaline cartilage

Elastic fibers-very flexible- ear flap

Elastic cartilage

Toughest of all cartilage-pure collagen fibers, shocks absorbers -vertebrae

Fibrocartilage

Osteocytes, outer covering periosteum, blood is getting there vascular

Bone

Bone cells-solid

Osteocytes

Rings in bone tissue

Lamellae

Caverns/openings in bone cells are found in

Lucunae

Connections between bone cells/Lucunae-allows communication

Canaliculi

Protects outside of bone

Periosteum

No known cause of cure; immune system; auto antibodies, inflammation; butterfly rash, attacks mostly women, pain in chest, light sensitivity

Systemic lupus

Bending fingers, thickening of tendons and ligaments of the fingers and Palm, lumps on skin, treatment:enzyme injection

Dupentrey contractor

Localized scleroderma. Purple, red, hardens, temporary

Morphia

Hyper mobility of the joints. Extremely flexible. Stretchy skin, loose skin and joints, hyper mobility of joints

EDS

White blood cells attack moisture producing glands, tear ducts, most occur in women, vision loss due to lubrication loss

Sjorgen syndrome

Tightening of tissue in the lower back vertebrae, affects lower spine, form of arthritis

Anklosing spondylitis

Little fibrous fatty cysts, growth of fat cells, tense skin

Lipomas

Skin hardens gets tight. Auto immune disease, genetics, hormones. Lethal

Scleroderma

Auto immune disease, immune system attack joints and cause swelling and pain. No cure, deformation

Rheumatoid arthritis

Muscle disorder, not contagious, commons in adults, swelling of muscle fiber, lost ability to contract pain, occurs in AA more often in adults

Polymyositis

Overlapped syndrome, all auto immune disorders but one takes over. Sunlight and UV exposer can cause

Mixed connective tissue disorder

Caused by mutations in collagen gene, in young children

Stickler syndrome

Loose skin, circulatory and digestive problems, genetic disorder that breaks down the skin

Cutis laxa

Inflammation of blood vessels, genetic disorder or auto immune disorder causes swelling

Vasculitis

Line cavities of the body; connected to the outside of the body. Example: mouth, nose, ear

Mucous membrane

Line cavities of the body; aren't connected to the outside of the body

Serous membrane

Parietal

Wall

Visceral

Organ

Pleura

Lungs

Pericardium

Heart

Peritoneum

Belly

Skin

Cutaneous membrane

Fluid filled capsules that are found around joints

Synovial fluid

Disorder where 2 membranes fuse together due to friction

Adhesions

Surrounds organs and muscle; supportive tissue

Fasciae

Hypodermis, separates skin from deeper tissue mainly fat

Superficial fasciae

Surrounds muscle tissue, becomes tendons and ligaments

Deep fasciae

Found between serous membranes and deep fasciae

Subserous

Voluntary, striated, repairs itself, big cells, more than one nuclei

Skeletal (muscle tissue)

Non-voluntary, not repairable, small cell, single nuclei

Cardiac muscle tissue

Involuntary, not striated, small cells

Smooth muscle tissue

Chapter 4: Tissues Flashcards

(103 cards)