Chapter 4 - Tissues

Question 1

Tissues of the body develop from three primary germ layers, what are they?

Answer 1

nEndoderm, Mesoderm, and Ectoderm

Question 2

All connective tissue and most muscle tissues derive from______________

Answer 2

mesoderm

Question 3

Nervous tissue develops from_____________

Answer 3

ectoderm

Question 4

Contact points between the plasma membranes of tissue cells. What are the 5 most common types:

Answer 4

1. Tight junctions
2. Adherens junctions
3. Desmosomes
4. Hemidesmosomes
5. Gap junctions

Question 5

Tight junctions

Answer 5

Web-like strands of transmembrane proteins

• Fuse cells together
• Seal off passageways between adjacent cells

Question 6

Adherens Junctions

Answer 6

Dense layer of proteins called plaque

• Resist separation of cells during contractile activities
• Located inside of the plasma membrane attached to both membrane proteins and microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
• Transmembrane glycoproteins called cadherins insert into the plaque and join cells
• In epithelial cells, adhesion belts encircle the cell

Question 7

Desmosomes

Answer 7

Contain plaque and cadherins that extends into the intercellular space to attach adjacent cells together

Question 8

Hemidesmosomes

Answer 8

Resemble half of a desmosome

• Do not link adjacent cells but anchor cells to the basement membrane
• Contain transmembrane glycoprotein integrin
• Integrins attach to intermediate filaments and the protein laminin present in the basement membrane

Question 9

Gap Junctions

Answer 9

Connect neighboring cells via tiny fluid-filled tunnels called connexons

Question 10

_____________ consists of cells arranged in continuous sheets, in either single or multiple layers

Answer 10

Epithelial tissue

Question 11

What are the 3 major functions of epithelial tissue?

Answer 11

1. Selective barrier
2. secretory suface
3. protective surface

Question 12

Epithelial Cells

Where would one find the apical surface?

Answer 12

faces the body surface, body cavity, lumen, or duct

Question 13

Epithelial cells

there are 3 surfaces of epithelial cells, list them

Answer 13

1. Apical surface
2. lateral surface
3. basal surface

Question 14

Epithelial Cells

Where would one find the lateral surface?

Answer 14

faces adjacent cells

Question 15

Epithelial Cells

Where would one find the basal surface?

Answer 15

opposite of the apical layer and adheres to extracellular materials

Question 16

Basement membrane

Answer 16

Thin double extracellular layer that serves as the point of attachment and support for overlying epithelial tissue

Question 17

Simple epithelium

Answer 17

Single layer of cells that function in diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion, or absorption

Question 18

Pseudostratified epithelium

Answer 18

• Appears to have multiple layers because cell nuclei at different levels
• All cells do not reach the apical surface
• found in: upper respratory & ducts of many glands

Question 19

Stratified epithelium

Answer 19

• Two or more layers of cells that protect underlying tissues in areas of wear and tear

Question 20

squamous cells

Answer 20

• Thin cells, arranged like floor tiles
• Allows for rapid passage of substances

Question 21

cuboidal cells

Answer 21

• As tall as they are wide, shaped like cubes or hexagons
• May have microvilli
• Function in secretion or absorption

Question 22

Columnar Cells

Answer 22

• Much taller than they are wide, like columns
• May have cilia or microvilli
• Specialized function for secretion and absorption

Question 23

Transitional cells

Answer 23

• Cells change shape, transitioning from flat to cuboidal
• Organs such as urinary bladder stretch to larger size and collapse to a smaller size

Question 24

Where would one find simple squamous epithelium?

Answer 24

at sites for filtration or diffusion

lining of the small intestine

Question 25

Where would one find simple cuboidal epithelium?

Answer 25

thyroid gland and kidneys function in secretion and absorption

Question 26

Where would one find columnar epithelium?

Answer 26

non ciliated: * Contains columnar cells with microvilli at their apical surface and goblet cells * Secreted mucus serves as lubricant for the lining of the digestive, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary tracts Ciliated: * in the falopian tubes * in the small intestine

Question 27

How you name the epithelial tissue depends on what?

Answer 27

the shape of the cells in the apical layer

Question 28

Where would one find stratified squamous epithelium?

Answer 28

in the vagina

Question 29

stratified cuboidal epithelium, where would one find that?

Answer 29

* rare type * found in the esphagus * functions as protection

Question 30

where is transitional epithelium found?

Answer 30

* only in the urinary system * relaxed = cuboidal * stretched = squamous * ideal for hollow structure subject to expansion

Question 31

Glandular Epithelium: Endocrine Glands

Answer 31

* Secretions, called hormones, diffuse directly into the bloodstream * Function in maintaining homeostasis * Examples include thyroid gland

Question 32

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body

Answer 32

connective tissue

Question 33

list some of the functions of connective tissue

Answer 33

* Binds tissues together * Supports and strengthen tissue * Protects and insulates internal organs * Compartmentalize and transport * Energy reserves and immune responses

Question 34

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the material located between the cells

Answer 34

Extracellular matrix

Question 35

What are the three types of fibers?

Answer 35

1. Collagen 2. Elastic 3. Reticular

Question 36

List the 5 types of mature connective tissue?

Answer 36

1. loose connective 2. dense connective 3. cartilage 4. bone 5. liquid connective

Question 37

What are they two types of dense connective tissue?

Answer 37

1. Dense regulare 2. Elastic

Question 38

What kind of conective tissue runs in bundles of collagen fibers arranged in parallel patters for strenght?

Answer 38

dense regular connective tissue

Question 39

Give an example where elastic connective tissue resides in the body

Answer 39

* lungs * arteries

Question 40

What is the difference between dense regular & dense irregular connective tissue?

Answer 40

physical arrangement

Question 41

Which connective tissue is hard to heal?

Answer 41

cartilage because there is no blood vessel supply

Question 42

What is the most abundant cartilage in the body?

Answer 42

Hylene * surronded by perichondrium * provies flexibility 7 support * reduces friction

Question 43

Where is Fibrocartilage found?

Answer 43

found in intervertebral discs * strongest typed of cartilage * lacks perichondruim

Question 44

What are the two types of cartilage growth?

Answer 44

1. Interstitial - from within tissue 2. Appositional - outer surfaces

Question 45

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover or line a part of the body.

Answer 45

Membranes

Question 46

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are a combination of an epithelial layer and an underlying connective tissue layer. * Mucous, Serous, and Cutaneous membranes

Answer 46

Epithelial membranes

Question 47

What lines joints and contains connective tissue but not epithelium

Answer 47

Synovial membranes

Question 48

Serous membranes

Answer 48

* Line body cavities that do not open directly to the exterior * Covers the organs that lie within the cavity * Consist of areolar connective tissue covered by mesothelium (simple squamous epithelium) that secretes a serous fluid for lubrication

Question 49

Synovial membranes

Answer 49

* Line the cavities of freely movable joints * Lack epithelium * Synoviocytes secrete synovial fluid to lubricate and nourish the cartilage in the joint

Question 50

What are the three types of muscleÉ

Answer 50

1. Skeletal 2. Cardiac 3. Smooth

Question 51

What are the distingushing factors to identify skeletal muscle

Answer 51

* Striations * movment voluntary * shape: cylindrical, various length )up to 40 cm in lenght)

Question 52

How do you identify cardia muscle tissueÉ

Answer 52

* has striations * invlountary movment * intercalcated disk

Question 53

How does one identify smooth muscle tissue

Answer 53

* found in walls of hollow internal structures * non-striated * involuntary control

Question 54

What typ types of nervous tissue is there

Answer 54

1. neurons 2. neuroglia