Chapter 40: Animal Form and Function

Question 1

Main types of animal tissue

Answer 1

1. Epithelial
2. Connective
3. Muscle
4. Nervous

Question 2

Epithelial Tissue

Answer 2

Covers outside of the body and lines the organs and cavities within the body

It contains cells that are closely joined

The shape of epithelial cells may be:

• Cuboidal
• Columnar
• Squamous

The arrangement of epithelial cells may be:

• Simple- single cell layer
• Stratified- multiple tiers of cells
• Pseudostratified- a single layer of cells of varying length

Question 3

Cuboidal epithelium

Answer 3

Question 4

Simple columnar epithelium

Answer 4

Question 5

Simple squamous epithelium

Answer 5

Question 6

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Answer 6

Question 7

Stratified squamous epithelium

Answer 7

Question 8

Polarity of epithelia

Answer 8

Question 9

Connective tissue

Answer 9

Binds and supports other organs and tissues

Contains sparsely packed cells scattered throughout an extracellular matrix consisting of fibers in a liquid, jellylike, or solid foundation

Three types of connective tissue fiber, all made of protein:

1. Collagenous fibers- provide strength and flexibility
2. Reticular fibers- join connective tissue to adjacent tissues
3. Elastic fibers- stretch and snap back to their original length

Question 10

Types of connective tissue

Answer 10

In vertebrates, the fibers and foundation combine to form six major types of connective tissue:

1. Loose connective tissue- most widespread connective tissue; binds epithelia to underlying tissues and holds organs in place
2. Fibrous connective tissue- composes tendons and ligaments
3. Bone
4. Adipose tissue
5. Blood
6. Cartilage

Question 11

Muscle tissue

Answer 11

Muscle cells consist of filaments of the proteins actin and myosin which together enable muscles to contract

It is divided into three types:

1. Skeletal muscle- aka striated muscle, is responsible for voluntary movement
2. Smooth muscle- responsible for involuntary body activities
3. Cardiac muscle- responsible for contraction of the heart

Question 12

Nervous tissue

Answer 12

Composed of neurons and various types of glia- cells that help nourish, insulate, and replenish neurons; can also modulate neuron function

Question 13

Thermoregulation

Answer 13

Process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range

Endotherms- generate heat by metabolism

• Birds and mammals

Ectotherms- gain heat from external sources

• Generally need to consume less food than endotherms
• Most invertebrates, fish, amphibians, and nonavian reptiles

Question 14

Thermoregulatory adaptations

Answer 14

1. Insulation- skin, feathers, fur, and blubber reduce heat flow
2. Evaporative heat loss- sweating, bathing, panting
3. Behavioral responses- huddling to reduce heat loss
4. Adjusting metabolic heat production- thermogenesis
5. Circulatory adaptations- vasodilation, vasoconstriction, and countercurrent exchange- transfer of heat between fluids that are flowing in opposite directions

Question 15

Thermogenesis

Answer 15

The adjustment of metabolic heat production to maintain body temperature

• Increased by muscle activity such as moving or shivering
• Some ectotherms produce “antifreeze” compounds to prevent ice formation in their cells
• Some seek warmer environments to increase their body temperature in response to certain infections

Controlled by the hypothalamus

Question 16

Chondrocytes

Answer 16

Secrete the matrix found in cartilage