Chapter 46 Flashcards by Kirsten Sawtelle

Types of asexual reproduction

fission, budding, parthenogesis

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Parthenogenesis

(lizards)

egss develop w/o fertilization

happens when environmental conditions are good (sexual reproduciton happens if they’re not)

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Asexual Reproduction

Positives

no partner needed
no “sharing offspring (more own genes in next gen)
easier to colonize new location
if enironment constant and favorable, genetically-identical offspring well-suited to environment
produce many offspring quicly

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Asexual Reproduction

Negatives

if environment is variable in space or time, lack of variation in offspring is disadvantageous
an “evolutionary dead-end” if there is no way to introduce genetic variation

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Origins of Sexual Reproduction

no one really knows why it evolved

likely evolved in the pre-cambrian era

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Sexual Reproduction

Positives

offspring genetically diverse

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Sexual Reproduction

Negatives

variation not advantageous if environment is good and constant
need partner
“share” offspring (only 50% of genes)
Harder to colonize new location

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Hermaphrodites

both male and female

earthworms

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SRY Gene

codes for a transcription factor that up-regulates regulatory genes controlling formation of testes and production of testosterone

(determines if male)

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Gameotogenesis

formation of gametes

gametes are produced by meiosis (produces haploid cells)

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FSH and LH

Hormone

Target

Testes or Ovaries

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TSH

Thyroid

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ACTH

Adrenal Cortex

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Prolactin

Mammary glands

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MSH

melanocytes

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Liver, bones, and other tissues

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Hypothalamus (sequence)

Neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus -> portal vessels -> hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones -> endocrine cells of anterior posterior -> pituitary hormones -> different hormones

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Steroid Hormones (lipids)

Estradiol, Testosterone

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Endocrine disruptors

Hormonally active molecules in the environment

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Antagonists

block the function of a hormone

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DDE

from the metabolic breakdown of the pesticide DDT

binds to and blocks androgen receptors

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Vinclozolin

fungicide used on grapes in vineyards
androgen antagonist
reduces sperm production
produces malformed genitalia
transgenrational effect

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Blocking of transcpription

methylation of DNA

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Epigenetic inheritance

change in the control of gene expression is passes to next generation

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Oogenesis

formation of eggs

DES (diesthylstilbestrol)

mimics estradiol prescribed to maintain at-risk pregnancies caused genital abnormalities and cancer in women exposed in utero is an obesigen represses Hoxa10 gene

Atrazine

* increase in hormone synthesis * herbicide increases estrogen synthesis * converts testosterone to estrogen = chemical * one of the most widely used agricultural pesticides in U.S. to control broadleaf and weeds * used primarily on corn, sorghum, and sugarcane, midwest most * used to a lesser extent on residential lawns mostly FL, and SE

BPA

* makes individual more sensitive to natural hormones * induces the production of receptors for estrogen * affects methylation patterns * Bispheonl A * everywhere

fission, budding, parthenogesis

Types of asexual reproduction

(lizards) egss develop w/o fertilization happens when environmental conditions are good (sexual reproduciton happens if they're not)

Parthenogenesis

* no partner needed * no "sharing offspring (more own genes in next gen) * easier to colonize new location * if enironment constant and favorable, genetically-identical offspring well-suited to environment * produce many offspring quicly

Asexual Reproduction Positives

* if environment is variable in space or time, lack of variation in offspring is disadvantageous * an "evolutionary dead-end" if there is no way to introduce genetic variation

Asexual Reproduction Negatives

no one really knows why it evolved likely evolved in the pre-cambrian era

Origins of Sexual Reproduction

* offspring genetically diverse

Sexual Reproduction Positives

* variation not advantageous if environment is good and constant * need partner * "share" offspring (only 50% of genes) * Harder to colonize new location

Sexual Reproduction Negatives

both male and female earthworms

Hermaphrodites

codes for a transcription factor that up-regulates regulatory genes controlling formation of testes and production of testosterone (determines if male)

SRY Gene

formation of gametes gametes are produced by meiosis (produces haploid cells)

Gameotogenesis

Target Testes or Ovaries

FSH and LH Hormone

Thyroid

TSH

Adrenal Cortex

ACTH

Mammary glands

Prolactin

melanocytes

MSH

Liver, bones, and other tissues

Neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus -\> portal vessels -\> hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones -\> endocrine cells of anterior posterior -\> pituitary hormones -\> different hormones

Hypothalamus (sequence)

Estradiol, Testosterone

Steroid Hormones (lipids)

Hormonally active molecules in the environment

Endocrine disruptors

block the function of a hormone

Antagonists

from the metabolic breakdown of the pesticide DDT binds to and blocks androgen receptors

DDE

* fungicide used on grapes in vineyards * androgen antagonist * reduces sperm production * produces malformed genitalia * transgenrational effect

Vinclozolin

methylation of DNA

Blocking of transcpription

change in the control of gene expression is passes to next generation

Epigenetic inheritance

formation of eggs

Oogenesis

mimics estradiol prescribed to maintain at-risk pregnancies caused genital abnormalities and cancer in women exposed in utero is an obesigen represses Hoxa10 gene

DES (diesthylstilbestrol)

Atrazine

* makes individual more sensitive to natural hormones * induces the production of receptors for estrogen * affects methylation patterns * Bispheonl A * everywhere

BPA

Gonad

produce gametes most sexually reproducing species have them, but not all

Spermatheca

hold sperm

Follicle What When Connection to corpus luteum

contain an oocyte (partially developed egg) found on outside of ovaries formed in the embryo the follicular tissue left after ovulation grows and produces the corpus luteum

Endometrium

lining of the uterus rich supply of blood vessels where the developing embryo implants wtihin several days

Time for sperm to pass through epididymis Affect maturation?

3 weeks. complete maturation and become motile

In addition to sperm, what organs contribute fluids to the semen? What is the function of their secretions?

mucus fructose (energy for sperm) coagulating enzyme (to keep sperm together at first) citrate (nutrition) anticoagulant enzyme (so they can swim separately) ascorbic acid local regulators (prostaglandin)

Spermatogenesis vs Oogenesis

* **Spermatogenesis:** * all 4 products of meiosis become mature gametes * occurs througout adolescence and adulthood * produces mature sperm from precursor cells in a continuous sequence * **Oogenesis:** * Cytokinesis in meiosis is unequal, almost all cytoplasm given to a single daughter cell (becomes egg)(smaller cells, polar bodies, degenerate) * Mitotic divisions complete at birth, production of mature gametes stops at 50. * long interruptions

In sperm cell, function of acrosome and mitochondria

contains enzymes that help penetrate egg provides ATP for movement of the tail

Most important androgen where produced effects

most common female hormons when produced where produced

LH, FSH, and estradiol produced just before ovulation progesterone produced during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle and during the secretory phase of the uterine (menstrual) cycle produced in the anterior posterior

How female hormones exert effect

through the blood

role of negative&positive feedback in oogenesis and ovulation

tells body when to stop and start production of GnRH. Also prevents another egg from being released

Estradiol reach peak in menstrual cycle

just before ovulation

Progesterone reach peak

in the luteal phase just after ovulation

Effect of progesterone and estrogen on uterus?

develop and maintain the uterine lining

What causes the menstrual flow?

the endometrium shedding due to nutrients being cut off, since there wasn't fertilization hormone prodcution was stopped.

Estrous Cycles

uterus reabsorbs endometrium (no period) only mate during periods surrounding ovulation (heat)

Role of hypothalamus and anterior pituitary in production of androgens

located in the brain the hypothalamus secretes GnRH -\> anterior posterior secretes FSH and LH FSH -\> production of sertoli cells LH -\> prodcution of leydig cells Sertoli cells -\> inhibin and spermatogenesis Leydig Cells -\> testosterone -\> spermatogenesis testosterone is produced in the testes

Clitoris and Penis

formed from the same embryonic tissues both enlarge and fill with blood during excitement

Fertilization normally occurs

in the oviduct

hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)

horomone produced by the fetus that prevents its spontaneous abortion

Placenta

the trophoblast (outer layer of blastocyst) grows outward and interacts with the endometrium made up of both maternal and fetal tissue disc-shaped function: nutrients, immune-protection, exchange respiratory gases, disposes of metabolic wastes

Trimester organs formed

first

Two types of permanent surgical contraception

tubal ligation vasectamy

In vitro fertilization

mixing sperm and oocytes in dishes and then waiting til at least 8 cells form and injecting them back into the woman for implantation

produce gametes most sexually reproducing species have them, but not all

Gonad

hold sperm

Spermatheca

contain an oocyte (partially developed egg) found on outside of ovaries formed in the embryo the follicular tissue left after ovulation grows and produces the corpus luteum

Follicle What When Connection to corpus luteum

lining of the uterus rich supply of blood vessels where the developing embryo implants wtihin several days

Endometrium

3 weeks. complete maturation and become motile

Time for sperm to pass through epididymis Affect maturation?

In addition to sperm, what organs contribute fluids to the semen? What is the function of their secretions?

Spermatogenesis vs Oogenesis

contains enzymes that help penetrate egg provides ATP for movement of the tail

In sperm cell, function of acrosome and mitochondria

Most important androgen where produced effects

most common female hormons when produced where produced

through the blood

How female hormones exert effect

tells body when to stop and start production of GnRH. Also prevents another egg from being released

role of negative&positive feedback in oogenesis and ovulation

just before ovulation

Estradiol reach peak in menstrual cycle

in the luteal phase just after ovulation

Progesterone reach peak

develop and maintain the uterine lining

Effect of progesterone and estrogen on uterus?

the endometrium shedding due to nutrients being cut off, since there wasn't fertilization hormone prodcution was stopped.

What causes the menstrual flow?

uterus reabsorbs endometrium (no period) only mate during periods surrounding ovulation (heat)

Estrous Cycles

Role of hypothalamus and anterior pituitary in production of androgens

formed from the same embryonic tissues both enlarge and fill with blood during excitement

Clitoris and Penis

in the oviduct

Fertilization normally occurs

horomone produced by the fetus that prevents its spontaneous abortion

hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)

Placenta

first

Trimester organs formed

tubal ligation vasectamy

Two types of permanent surgical contraception

mixing sperm and oocytes in dishes and then waiting til at least 8 cells form and injecting them back into the woman for implantation

In vitro fertilization

Chapter 46 Flashcards

(106 cards)