Chapter 5

Question 1

List the Hagerstrand constraints

Answer 1

1. Capability - sleep, access to car/transport, maximum speed, access to virtual space, skill at virtual communication
2. Coupling constraints - a number of people need to be together in a space at a specific time
3. Authority constraints - regulatory constraints, curfew, social rules, laws

Question 2

Why is so complex to capture behavioural richness of activities?

Answer 2

1. Some activities are mandatory(work), others maintain other activities(shopping) [CAPABILITY}
2. Individuals constrained by money and time [CAPABILITY]
3. Individuals constrained by resources available(car) [CAPABILITY]
4. Individuals schedule activities with others in household or friends to maximise satisfaction[COUPLING]
5. Individuals need to be available to others at particular times and locations [COUPLING]
6. Travel is derived from the need to change locations between successive activities
7. Activities are components of more long-term projects

Question 3

Define ABM

Answer 3

The way in which observed behaviour depends on the activity patterns of people and households within their constraints in time and place

Question 4

What is a base

Answer 4

base locations, like fixed work locations and home, determine the opportunities to
conduct more flexible activities such as buying the groceries and attending
the theatre.

Question 5

What is an action space?

Answer 5

The three constraints define a 3d prism, when projected 2d - designates potential action space where all activity places that can be visited within a time frame

Question 6

What are the three categories of action spaces?

Answer 6

Circular - journey starts and ends same place
Linear - starts in one base and ends in another
Elliptical - time left over from necessary time to travel between bases that is used to visit other places en-route

Question 7

Two behavioural rules that influence travel behaviour

Answer 7

1. Fixation in time and space

2. Travel time ration

Question 8

Explain the temporal sorting of activities (FITAS)

Answer 8

Flexible activities can be pursued in time intervals. People have these certain intervals (short and long), before commutes, during commutes, during lunchbreaks, commute home etc. Non working days - fewer but longer. People want shortest intervals for compulsory so longer leisure.

Question 9

Explain travel time ratio

Answer 9

ratio by dividing travel time to activity by sum of travel time and activity for same location

Question 10

What does MASTIC do?

Answer 10

facilitates the assessment of potential impact of time policies (business hours, working hours), transport policies (bus stops, road construction) and spatial policies (density of activity places) on the opportunities for people to undertake their desired activities

Question 11

Four MASTIC variables:

Answer 11

distance between bases, length of time window, speed of transport mode, travel time ratio.

Question 12

Pros and cons of ABM:

Answer 12

Pros of ABM
✓ Continuous time dimension
✓ High spatial resolution (address)
✓ Considers complex mobility if a person (multiple tours, time, budget)
✓ Decisions can be modelled closer to human behaviour
Cons of ABM
▪Lots of effort and data required to build the model
▪Relatively unstable (variations are wide)
▪Higher run time (time consuming)