____ v____ held that evidence obtained through illegal searches would be inadmissible on the state and federal level.
Mapp v Ohio (1961)
The _____ rule, established in 1914 at the federal level, provides that evidence obtained in an unreasonable search and seizure will not be admissible in court.
exclusionary
In Nix v Williams, SCOTUS held that the exclusionary rule only applies in _____ procedings
criminal
What are five exceptions to the exclusionary rule?
- Good faith2. Impeachment purposes3. Grand Jury proceedings4. Proceedings other than criminal5. Inevitable discovery
The good faith exception is typically limited to errors made by who?
a magistrate
In US v Leon, SCOTUS established what?
good faith exception
In Nix v Williams, SCOTUS established what?
inevitable discovery
What are three general requirements under which a search warrant can be issued?
- based on PC2. supported by oath or affirmation3. place to be searched and things to be seized are particularly described
The _____ _____ doctrine allows the introduction of evidence initially discovered during, or as a consequence of, an unlawful search but later obtained independently from lawful activities untainted by the initial illegality.
independent source
In Illinois v Gates, SCOTUS held that probable cause to support a search warrant must be determined by examining the _____ __ __ _____.
totality of the circumstances
In _____ v _____, SCOTUS abandoned the two-pronged test established in Aguilar v Texas and Spinelli v US.
Illinois v Gates
According to State v Mitchell, officers can seize articles not described in the warrant under what three circumstances?
- observed in plain view where an officer is in a place he has a right to be;2. discovery is inadvertent; and3. it is apparent to the officer that he is viewing evidence
In executing a search warrant, what are five guidelines an officer must follow?
- executed by officer(s) so commanded2. executed within certain time limitations3. only necessary force must be used4. prior notice and demand should normally proceed forcible entry5. only property described may be seized
In US v Arttieri (1974), the court listed what three exceptions to the knock and announce rule?
- person’s within already know of the officer’s authority and purpose;2. person’s within are in immediate danger of bodily harm; or3. those within, made aware of the presence of someone outside, are engaged in activity that lead the officer to believe that an escape or destruction of evidence is taking place
In US v Banks (2003), the court established that police need only wait a ____ amount of time before breaking down the door when notice has been given without response. The court found that ___ seconds was reasonable.
reasonable; 20 seconds
As established by SCOTUS, the Fourth Amendment requires that police officers knock, announce their presence, and wait a reasonable amount of time before entering a private residence. This is known as the _____ ___ _____ rule.
knock and announce rule
