Chapter Issue
“To what extent is the rejection of liberalism justified?”
Key Concepts
- Why did ideologies that rejected liberalism emerge?
2.How did ideologies that rejected liberalism affect citizens?
What were the two most influential ideologies that rejected liberalism?
Communism & Facism
(both used totalitarian forms of government)
Totalitarian Regimes
Totalitarian regimes are responding to what they see as dangerous and destabilizing changes. They consider the existing society in need of a complete transformation may be radical or reactionary
Indoctrination
- to teach people to fully accept the ideas, opinions, and beliefs of a particular group and to not consider other ideas, opinions, or beliefs
What is an example of a radical approach to totalitarian dictatorship?
The Soviet Union
(Left side, promoting a classless society with public ownership over property, rejects traditional economy)
What is an example of a reactionary approach to totalitarian dictatorship?
Nazi Germany
(attempt to achieve an idealized past and acceptance of economic inequalities)
Emancipation
The act of freeing an individual from another’s control. Ex. Abolishing slavery
Autocratic
- Relating to a ruler who has absolute power and doesn’t take other peoples opinions into account.
- If controversy arose, they would take all responsibility even if they weren’t involved.
Darwinism
A theory explaining that some are naturally born to be better than others.
Characteristics of Totalitarianism
- Extremely charismatic leader
- Lower corruption within the government
- Official Ideology
- No Pluralism
- Control thoughts and actions of citizens (private & public)
Characteristics of Authoritarianism
- Lack of charisma
- Lots of government corruption
- No official Ideology
- Limited pluralism
- No legitimacy (they dont care because no ideology so it doesnt matter)
- Larger sphere for private life
Vladimir Lenin
- Leader of the Bolsheviks
- Heavily supported Marxism
- Wanted to overthrow the Tsar and turn Russia into a communist utopia
- Violent and aggressive about his ideals
- Died 1924
January 1905
- Bloody Sunday
- Father Gapon led a peaceful protest alongside workers and their families for better working conditions and freedoms
- Imperial soldiers were ordered to fire upon the crowd
The Dawes Plan
- Assisted Germany in paying back their war reparations with financial aid from the American banks
- 1924
The Young Plan
- An agreement made in 1929 to adjust the amount of war repartations Germany had to pay up until 1988
- Plan was ended in 1932 due to results of the Great Depression, causing Germany’s economy to suffer
Ruhr Crisis
- Germany struggled and fell behind on their debts, angering the French and what caused the crisis
- France and Belgium both occupied the Ruhr Valley in Germany 1923, an area full of factories and took the economic output from the area as payment.
- Left many Germans injured, dead and furious enough to start a revolution.
- A slogan developed by Lenin to represent the Bolsheviks
- Peace? = End the War
- Land? = Provide it
- Hungry? = Feed
How did the great depression impact Germany’s economy?
- America wanted their money back, putting Germany in another debt on top of their endless war reparations.
- Unemployment
What were the effects Germany experienced following WWI
- The new democratic government that formed after World War I was weak and ineffective.
- In order to pay reparations to the allies, - Germany started printing excessive amounts of money.
- The currency crashed due to insane inflation issues.
Revolutions in Russia and their effect
- 1905 - Minor reforms with more harm than goals achieved
- February 1917 - Abdication of Tsar Nicholas II, the Czar were removed.
- October 1917 - Uprising of the Bolshevik through the storming of the Winter Palace
The opposing sides of the Russian Civil War
- [RED] BOLSHEVIKS
- [WHITE] MENSHIVIKS (less radical)
- Nov 1917 - Oct 1922
5 Year Plan
- An economic policy implemented by Stalin in 1928
- called for the collectivization of agriculture where all land was taken away from private ownersand combined in large, collectively worked farms called kolkhozes.
- The plan called for industrial production to increase by about 20 per cent per year in a variety of industries.
Kulaks
- Along with collectivization came the persecution of the kulaks. If they refused to voluntarily give up their property, they’d be arrested, detained, exiled or executed.
- Prior to the revolution, kulaks were a class of prosperous land-owning peasants.
- After the revolution, new kulaks arose from land redistribution and the capitalist elements of the New Economic Plan.
- The term referred to individuals who had access to machines and/or to produce goods.
- Used as scapegoats
