1
Q
- The health and mortality transition does not typically involve a
a. shift in deaths from the younger to the older ages.
b. greater control over the natural environment.
c. shift in causes of death from communicable to degenerative.
d. permanently greater spread in the ages at which people die
A
d. permanently greater spread in the ages at which people die
2
Q
2. For most of human history, up to the modern era, life expectancy was probably about \_\_\_\_\_\_ years. a. 20–30 b. 30–40 c. 40–50 d. 50–60
A
a. 20–30
3
Q
- When life expectancy is 30, about ___ percent of children die before their fifth birthday,
compared to ___ percent when life expectancy is 80.
a. 40; 1
b. 50; 1
c. 50; 10
d. 60; 10
A
a. 40; 1
4
Q
- Life expectancy during the Roman era was probably little more than ___ years.
a. 20
b. 30
c. 40
d. 50
A
a. 20
5
Q
5. Each of the following except \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ influenced the decline of mortality in the United States prior to World War II. a. improved diet b. better hygiene c. availability of penicillin d. availability of smallpox vaccinations
A
c. availability of penicillin
6
Q
- World War II was a turning point in world mortality decline because it
a. taught the world the value of human life.
b. created new ways of coping with violent death.
c. led to the development of the germ theory.
d. led to the spread of death control technology around the world.
A
d. led to the spread of death control technology around the world.
7
Q
- The most dramatic increases in life expectancy since the end of World War II have occurred in
a. Africa.
b. Asia.
c. Latin America.
d. Europe.
A
b. Asia.
8
Q
- The basic lesson of the declines in mortality over time from one country to another is that
a. a high standard of living is required to bring down the death rate.
b. curing disease is more important than preventing disease.
c. the larger the country, the easier it is to reduce mortality.
d. there are many routes to low mortality.
A
d. there are many routes to low mortality.
9
Q
- The basic lesson of the nutrition transition concept is that
a. you are what you eat.
b. Americanization is bad for your health.
c. diets must adapt to circumstances.
d. being fat is healthier now than it used to be.
A
c. diets must adapt to circumstances.
10
Q
- The planned obsolescence theory of human aging suggests that
a. we undergo a process of senescence as we age.
b. our bodies are like machines that wear out.
c. our cells have a built-in time clock that eventually stops.
d. there is a high probability of Alzheimer’s if we live long enough.
A
c. our cells have a built-in time clock that eventually stops.
11
Q
- The oldest verified age to which a human has ever lived is just over ____ years.
a. 100
b. 110
c. 120
d. 130
A
120
12
Q
- With respect to longevity, it is accurate to say that
a. it is measured by the concept of life span.
b. about 35 percent of the variability is due to inherited characteristics.
c. about 50 percent of the variability is due to economic factors.
d. the single most important element in variability is your outlook on life.
A
b. about 35 percent of the variability is due to inherited characteristics.
13
Q
- The age at which the average human has the highest risk of death is
a. 0.
b. 1.
c. 5.
d. 15.
A
a. 0.
14
Q
- the age at which the average human has the lowest risk of death is
a. 0.
b. 1.
c. 5.
d. 15.
A
d. 15
15
Q
15. The process of \_\_\_\_\_\_ describes the pattern that would exist if everyone survived to age 100 and then died shortly after that. a. rectangularization of mortality b. suppression of death rates c. gender inequality in mortality d. lifespan expansion
A
a. rectangularization of mortality
16
Q
- Throughout most of human history, the major causes of death have been related to
a. infectious diseases.
b. pregnancy-related diseases.
c. smoking.
d. injuries.
A
a. infectious diseases.
17
Q
- In its broadest terms, the decline in mortality over the past 200 years has been due primarily to
a. improved medical care.
b. higher-quality water and better sewerage.
c. vaccinations against infectious disease.
d. control over the environment.
A
d. control over the environment.
18
Q
- In a low-mortality society such as the United States, the principal causes of death are related to
a. stress-induced diseases.
b. pregnancy-related diseases.
c. noncommunicable conditions.
d. homicides and other injuries.
A
c. noncommunicable conditions
19
Q
- The most important “real” causes of death in the United States are related to
a. tobacco use.
b. drug and alcohol misuse.
c. diet and activity patterns.
d. microbial agents.
A
a. tobacco use.
20
Q
- Of the following statistical concepts, the _______ is not directly used to calculate life expectancy.
a. age-specific death rate
b. age-adjusted death rate
c. probability of dying between two different ages
d. number of years lived
A
b. age-adjusted death rate
21
Q
- Of the following characteristics, ________ is least predictive of low levels of mortality.
a. higher social status rather than lower
b. urban rather than rural residence
c. higher rather than lower levels of education
d. being married rather than divorced
A
b. urban rather than rural residence
Demography
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