Chapter 5

Question 1

Temperature Anomaly

Answer 1

is a difference, or irregularity, found by comparing recorded average annual temperatures against the long term annual temperature

Question 2

For each celsius degree of global temperature increase:

Answer 2

• 5-10% changes in precipitation in many regions
• 3-10% increases in amount of rainfall during heaviest precipitation events
• 5-10% changes in flows of streams and rivers
• 25% decreases in extent of Arctic summer sea ice
• 5-15% reduction in crop yields
• 200-400% increases in the area burned by wildfire in some areas of the western United States

Question 3

Heat Wave

Answer 3

is a prolonged period of abnormally high temperatures, usually, but not always, in association with humid weather

Question 4

Heat Stress in Humans

Answer 4

significant proportion of humans live in mid-latitude locations where heat waves will increase

symptoms:

• heat cramps
• heat exhaustion
• heat stroke
• old people and young people have a harder time regulating their average internal temperature

Question 5

Humidity

Answer 5

the presence of water vapour in the air. It is commonly expressed as relative humidity

Question 6

Why is perspiration not as effective a cooling method in humid environments

Answer 6

In humid conditions, the air cannot absorb as much moisture, so perspiration is not as effective a cooling mechanism as in dry environments.

Question 7

Heat is gained by:

Answer 7

absorption of energy

Question 8

Heat is lost by:

Answer 8

emission of energy

Question 9

What is temperature a measure of?

Answer 9

the average energy of motion of molecules in an object

Question 10

Temperature Scales

Answer 10

• Fahrenheit
• Celsius
• Kelvin

Question 11

Absolute zero

Answer 11

The temperature at which atomic and molecular motion in matter completely stops

Question 12

Daily Mean Temperature

Answer 12

• 13°C

Question 13

Monthly Mean Temperature

Answer 13

-15°C

Question 14

The most important influence on temperature variations on Earth:

Answer 14

Insolation

Question 15

Physical influences on Earth’s temperature patterns

Answer 15

• insolation
• latitude
• altitude and elevation
• cloud cover
• land–water heating differences

Question 16

Physical Influence of LATITUDE on Earth’s temperature patterns:

Answer 16

• insolation is more intense between the tropics than at higher latitudes where the Sun is never directly overhead (at a 90° angle) during the year
• Change of sun angle (declination) and day length throughout the year drive the seasonal effect of latitude on temperature

Question 17

Physical influence of ALTITUDE AND ELEVATION on Earth’s Temperature patterns:

Answer 17

• density and temperature within the troposphere decreases with increasing altitude
• as the atmosphere thins, it contains less sensible heat
  worldwide
• Mountainous areas experience lower temperatures than do regions nearer sea level, even at same latitudes

Question 18

which way does heat flow?

Answer 18

heat flows from matter at a higher temperature to matter at a lower temperature

Question 19

Altitude

Answer 19

the height of an object or point in relation to sea level or ground level

refers to airborne objects or heights above Earth’s surface.

Question 20

Elevation

Answer 20

usually refers to the height of a point on Earth’s surface above sea level

Question 21

Physical influence of CLOUD COVER on Earth’s Temperature patterns:

Answer 21

• clouds affect the earth– atmosphere energy balance (by reflecting and absorbing radiation)
• effects vary with (3) cloud type, height, and density

Question 22

At any given moment, approximately __% of the Earth is covered by clouds

Answer 22

50%

Question 23

What effect does cloud cover have on temperature at night?

Answer 23

• Cloud cover during the night acts as an insulting layer that reradiates long-wave energy back to earth, preventing rapid energy loss to space.
• Raises minimum night-time temperatures
• A moderating effect

Question 24

What effect does cloud cover have on temperature during the day?

Answer 24

Cloud cover during the day reflects insolation, lowering daily maximum temperatures

Question 25

Clouds also reduce _______ ___________ __________ as a result of these moderating effects.

Answer 25

seasonal temperature differences

Question 26

Physical influence of LAND- WATER HEATING DIFFERENCES on Earth's Temperature patterns:

Answer 26

(5) - Land and Water respond differently to insolation. - Land and Water absorb and store energy differently. - Water bodies tend to have more moderate temperature patterns - Continental interiors have more temperature extremes. - Land heats and cools faster than water

Question 27

Factors that lead to LAND-WATER HEATING DIFFERENCES include:

Answer 27

(4) 1. Evaporation 2. Transparency 3. Specific Heat 4. Ocean Currents & Sea Surface Temperature

Question 28

How is EVAPORATION a factor in LAND-WATER HEATING differences?

Answer 28

- Evaporation dissipates significant amounts of the energy arriving at the ocean’s surface (much more than over land surfaces) - as water evaporates, it changes from liquid to vapour, absorbing heat energy in the process and storing it as latent heat - as surface water evaporates, it absorbs energy from the immediate environment, resulting in a lowering of temperatures - remember that the water and vapour remains the same temperature through-out the process; the vapour stores the absorbed energy as latent heat. - Land temperatures are affected less by evaporative cooling than are temperatures over water

Question 29

~ __% of all evaporation on Earth is from the oceans

Answer 29

84%

Question 30

How is TRANSPARENCY a factor in LAND-WATER HEATING differences?

Answer 30

- Soil and water differ in their transmission of light: - Solid ground is opaque; water is transparent [[ - Light striking a soil surface does not pass through, but is absorbed, heating the ground surface. so. ... energy is accumulated during times of sunlight exposure and is rapidly lost at night or when shaded - Light striking a body of water penetrates the surface and passes through. so. ... the distribution of available heat energy occurs over a much greater depth and volume, forming a larger reservoir of energy storage ]]

Question 31

Describe what happens when light strikes a soil surface

Answer 31

Light striking a soil surface does not pass through, but is absorbed, heating the ground surface. - energy is accumulated during times of sunlight exposure and is rapidly lost at night/when shaded

Question 32

Describe what happens when light strikes a body of water

Answer 32

- Light striking a body of water penetrates the surface and passes through. - the distribution of available heat energy occurs over a much greater depth and volume - forming a larger reservoir of energy storage

Question 33

How is SPECIFIC HEAT a factor in LAND-WATER HEATING differences?

Answer 33

(5) - energy needed to increase the temperature of water is greater than for an equal volume of land - water can hold more heat than can soil or rock - a given volume of water represents a more substantial energy reservoir than does the same volume of soil or rock - water consequently heats and cools more slowly - day-to-day temperatures near large water bodies tend to be moderated rather than having large extremes

Question 34

How is MOVEMENT a factor in LAND-WATER HEATING differences?

Answer 34

- Land is solid and water is fluid - movement of currents results in a mixing of cooler and warmer waters - mixing distributes energy throughout the oceans and large lakes - Surface water and deeper waters mix, redistributing energy in a vertical direction as well - Ocean and land surfaces radiate long-wave radiation at night, but land loses its energy more rapidly

Question 35

How are OCEAN CURRENTS AND SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE factors in LAND-WATER HEATING differences?

Answer 35

- Ocean currents affect land temperatures in different ways, depending on whether the currents are warm or cold - midlatitude and subtropical west coasts of continents cool ocean currents flowing toward the equator - they moderate air temperatures on land - Higher ocean temperatures produce higher evaporation rates, and more energy is dissipated from the ocean as latent heat.

Question 36

Marine (maritime) effect

Answer 36

refers to the moderating influences of the ocean and usually occurs in locations along coastlines or on islands

Question 37

Continental effect / Condition of continentality

Answer 37

refers to the greater range between maximum and minimum temperatures on both a daily and a yearly basis that occurs in areas that are inland from the ocean or distant from other large water bodies

Question 38

Average internal Temperature for humans

Answer 38

36.8°C