Chapter 5

Question 1

Racism

Answer 1

prejudice and discrimination based on a person’s racial background

Question 2

Systemic racism

Answer 2

institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one racial group over another.

Question 3

Sexism

Answer 3

prejudice and discrimination based on a person’s gender.

Question 4

Stereotypes

Answer 4

• beliefs that links a whole group of people with certain traits or characteristics.
• no valence involved.
• can be wrong because context changes.

Question 5

Prejudice

Answer 5

negative feelings towards people based on their membership in certain groups.

• valence is involved.

Question 6

Discrimination

Answer 6

behaviour directed against persons because of their membership in a particular group.

Question 7

Old-fashioned racism

Answer 7

ascribing negative traits and opposing equal rights.

Question 8

Modern racism

Answer 8

a form of prejudice that surfaces in subtle ways when it is safe, socially acceptable, and easy to rationalize.

Question 9

Aversive racism

Answer 9

incorporates both egalitarian social values and negative emotions causing one to avoid interaction with members of a racial group.

Question 10

Microaggression

Answer 10

characterize the subtle but hurtful forms of discrimination

Question 11

Implicit racism

Answer 11

racism that operates unconsciously and unintentionally.

Question 12

Implicit Association Test (IAT)

Answer 12

• measures the extent to which two concepts are associated.
• If someone is consistently slower identifying something good after seeing a black face than a white face this would indicate a degree of implicit racism.

Question 13

Interracial Interactions

Answer 13

can be mentally exhausting because people self-monitor to avoid appearing prejudice.

Question 14

Ambivalent sexism

Answer 14

attitudes about women that reflect both:

(1) negative beliefs/feelings.
(2) affectionate but potentially patronizing beliefs/feelings.

Question 15

hostile sexism

Answer 15

resentful feelings about women’s abilities, value, and challenge to men’s power

Question 16

benevolent sexism

Answer 16

affectionate feelings founded on the belief that women need and deserve protection.

Claims that:
1) women are weak.

2) women should stick to traditional gender roles.
3) women should be idolized for sexual purity.

Question 17

Objectification

Answer 17

Women are treated as mere bodies or objects and less as fully functioning human beings

Question 18

Stigmatized

Answer 18

being persistently, stereotyped as deviant and devalued in society because of a particular characteristic.

Question 19

Stereotype threat

Answer 19

concern about being evaluated based on negative stereotypes about one’s group.

Question 20

Two ways stereotype threat can hamper achievement in academics

Answer 20

1. ) by increasing anxiety, triggering distracting thoughts & focusing on failure rather than success.
2. ) it can cause individuals to disidentify from the domain.

Question 21

Evidence for underperformance due to stereotype threat

Answer 21

African American student is likely to perform worse on an athletic task if the task is described as reflecting sports intelligence vs. reflecting natural athletic ability.

Question 22

Stereotype threat effects

Answer 22

• Trigger physiological arousal and stress.
• Drain cognitive resources.
• Cause a loss of focus to the task at hand.
• Impair working memory.
• Activate negative thoughts.
• Feelings of dejection.
• Concerns about trying to avoid failure.

Question 23

Social categorization

Answer 23

• the classification of persons into groups on the basis of common attributes.

Question 24

Ingroups

Answer 24

groups which an individual feels a sense of membership, belonging, and identity.

Question 25

Outgroups

Answer 25

groups which an individual does not feel a sense of membership, belonging, or identity.

Question 26

Outgroup homogeneity effect

Answer 26

the tendency to assume that there is greater similarity among members of outgroups than among members of ingroups. - (1) people tend to have less personal contact and familiarity with individual members of outgroups. - (2) people often do not encounter a representative sample of outgroup members.

Question 27

Dehumanizing Outgroups

Answer 27

- people perceive outgroup faces more like objects and lower order animals than like fellow humans. - can be seen in brain activity.

Question 28

Identity fusion

Answer 28

the sense of “oneness” that people may feel with a group.

Question 29

Terror management theory

Answer 29

favoring ingroups over outgroups is one important way that people preserve their cultural worldviews & attain a kind of immortality.

Question 30

Social dominance orientation

Answer 30

a desire to see one’s ingroup as dominant over other groups and a willingness to adopt cultural values that facilitate oppression over other groups.

Question 31

System justification theory

Answer 31

a theory that proposes that people are motivated to defend and justify the existing social, political, and economic conditions.

Question 32

Stereotype content model

Answer 32

a model proposing that the relative status and competition between groups influence group stereotypes along the dimensions of competence and warmth. Higher relative status = higher competence. Greater perceived competition = lower warmth.

Question 33

Robbers Cave

Answer 33

3 Phases to Experiment 1) In group formation (Eagles vs Rattlers) 2) Friction --> made groups compete against each other. 3) Integration --> only super ordinate goals could restore peace.

Question 34

Superordinate goals

Answer 34

a shared goal that can be achieved only through cooperation among individuals or groups.

Question 35

Realistic conflict theory

Answer 35

the theory that hostility between groups is caused by direct competition for limited resources.

Question 36

Relative deprivation

Answer 36

perceived resource disparities lead to conflict.

Question 37

Minimal groups

Answer 37

people will show ingroup favouritism even when categorized on the basis of trivial, minimally important similarities.

Question 38

Ingroup favoritism

Answer 38

the tendency to discriminate in favor of ingroups over outgroups.

Question 39

Social identity theory

Answer 39

the theory that people favor ingroups over outgroups in order to enhance their self-esteem.

Question 40

Two component of Social Identity Theory

Answer 40

(1) A personal identity. | (2) Social identities.

Question 41

Socialization

Answer 41

- how stereotypes are learned. | - self-fulfilling prophecy.

Question 42

Gender Stereotypes

Answer 42

Males → adventurous, assertive, aggressive, independent, & task-oriented. Females → sensitive, gentle, dependent, agreeable, emotional & people-oriented.

Question 43

Social role theory

Answer 43

the theory that small gender differences are magnified in perception by the contrasting social roles occupied by men and women.

Question 44

Three Steps of Social Role Theory

Answer 44

(1) Biological + social factors create a division of labor between the sexes. (2) People behave in ways that fit the roles they play. (3) Behavioural differences provide a basis for social perception that reflect the roles the sexes play.

Question 45

Why do stereotypes persist for so long?

Answer 45

- confirmation bias - When a target of a stereotype behaves in an ambiguous way, perceivers interpret behaviour as consistent with the stereotype.

Question 46

Illusory correlation

Answer 46

an overestimate of the association between variables that are only slightly or not at all correlated. Ex: 1) variables that are relatively rare. 2) variables people already expect to go together.

Question 47

Subytping

Answer 47

accommodating individuals who deviate from one's stereotype by splitting off a subgroup stereotype (such as "middle class Blacks" or "feminist women").

Question 48

Automatic Stereotype Activation

Answer 48

Stereotypes can be activated without our awareness.

Question 49

Subliminal presentations

Answer 49

a method of presenting stimuli so rapidly that people do not have any conscious awareness of having been exposed to them.

Question 50

The Shooter Bias

Answer 50

An unarmed man is more likely to be misperceived as holding a gun if he is black than if he is white.

Question 51

Contact hypothesis

Answer 51

the theory that direct contact between hostile groups will reduce intergroup prejudice under certain conditions.

Question 52

Four Conditions are deemed ideal for intergroup contact to serve as a treatment for racism.

Answer 52

1) Equal Status 2) Personal interaction 3) Cooperative activities 4) Social norms

Question 53

Contact reduces prejudice by

Answer 53

1) enhancing knowledge about the outgroup 2) reducing anxiety about intergroup contact 3) increasing empathy and perspective taking

Question 54

Extended/Indirect contact effect

Answer 54

knowing that an ingroup friend has a good relationship with a member of an outgroup can produce positive intergroup benefits in ways similar to direct contact.

Question 55

Jigsaw classroom

Answer 55

a cooperative learning method used to reduce racial prejudice through interaction in group efforts.

Question 56

Common Ingroup Identity Model

Answer 56

Proposes that if members of different groups categorize themselves as members of a more inclusive superordinate group, intergroup attitudes & relations can improve.

Question 57

Explicit vs. Implicit Prejudice

Answer 57

Explicit --> conscious, controllable behaviours. ex: saying racist things Implicit --> subtle behaviours we are less in control of. ex: eye contact.

Question 58

Stereotypes about women

Answer 58

generally more positive then stereotypes of men.

Question 59

Effects of benevolent sexism

Answer 59

- less likely to protest against a sexually discriminating policy. - greater gender disparities at economic an political levels.

Question 60

Glass cliff

Answer 60

women CEOs more likely to be hired when company in turmoil.

Question 61

Evolutionary causes of racism

Answer 61

appearance-based signals of "outsideness" used to identify danger & otherness.

Question 62

Intrinsic vs Extrinsic Stereotype

Answer 62

people may be more likely to think about situational factors when they see others acting in ways that seem to contradict a stereotype.