1
Q
Bipolar I vs Bipolar II
A
- Bipolar I: At least one episode or mania (NOT hypomania)
- Bipolar II:
- At least one major depressive episode
- At least one episode of hypomania
- No episodes of mania
2
Q
Psychological Treatment of Depression
A
- Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)
- Cognitive therapy (CT)
- Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT)
- Behavioral activation (BA) therapy
- Behavioral couples therapy
3
Q
Psychological Treatment of Depression (5 total)
A
Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) Cognitive therapy (CT) Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) Behavioral activation (BA) therapy Behavioral couples therapy
4
Q
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT)
A
*Use of strategies, including meditation, to detach from depression-related thoughts and prevent relapse
A Psychological Treatment of Depression
5
Q
Behavioral couples therapy
A
A Psychological Treatment of Depression
Enhance communication and relationship satisfaction
(improve positive feedback)
6
Q
Psychological Treatment of Bipolar Disorder
A
- Psychoeducational approaches
- Cognitive Therapy (CT)
- Family-focused treatment (FFT)
7
Q
Family-focused treatment (FFT)
A
Educate family about disorder, enhance family communication, improve problem solving
A Psychological Treatment of Bipolar Disorder
8
Q
Third Wave CBT
A
Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT)
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)
9
Q
Biological Treatment of Mood Disorders
A
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Depression (rTMS)
Light Treatment – S.A.D.
10
Q
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
A
- Incredibly effective – has come a long way since the early 1900s
- Reserved for treatment non-responders
- Induce brain seizure and momentary unconsciousness
- Side effects: Short-term confusion and memory loss
- Unclear how ECT works
- a biological treatment for mood disorders
11
Q
Lithium
A
Up to 80% receive at least some relief
Potentially serious side effect
*Lithium toxicity (Can overdose and die from it)
- medication for treating mood disorders
(a mood stabilizer)
12
Q
Causation vs Correlation?
A
- Correlation – two variables are related to each other in some way
- Causation – one variable, at different levels, causes another variable to change
13
Q
Unipolar Depressive Disorders
A
- Major depressive disorder
- Persistent depressive disorder
- Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
- Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
14
Q
Bipolar Disorders
A
- Bipolar I disorder
- Bipolar II disorder
- Cyclothymia
- Severity and duration of mania defining feature of each
- Most people will also experience an episode of depression
- Depressive episode required for Bipolar II, but not Bipolar I
15
Q
Major depressive disorder (DSM - 5) major features
-how long are symptoms present
A
Five or more depressive symptoms, including sad mood or loss of pleasure, for 2 weeks
- Sad mood OR loss of interest and pleasure
- PLUS four other symptoms:
- Sleeping too much or too little
- Psychomotor retardation or agitation
- Poor appetite and weight loss, or increased appetite and weight gain
- Loss of energy
- Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt
- Difficulty concentrating, thinking, or making decisions
- Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide
- Symptoms are present:
- Nearly every day
- Most of the day
- For at least 2 weeks
*Symptoms are distinct and more severe than a normative response to significant loss
16
Q
Persistent depressive disorder
DSM-5 Criteria
A
(PDD)
- Low mood and at least two other symptoms of depression at least half of the time for 2 years
- Depressed mood for at least 2 years (1 year for children/adolescent)
- PLUS 2 other symptoms:
- Poor appetite or overeating
- Sleeping too much or too little
- Low energy
- Poor self-esteem
- Trouble concentrating or making decisions
- Feelings of hopelessness
- Symptoms do not clear for more than 2 months at a time
- Bipolar disorders are not present (is mania and hypomania)
- Symptoms do not clear for more than 2 months at a time
- Bipolar disorders are not present (is mania and hypomania)
17
Q
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
A
Mood symptoms in the week before menses
18
Q
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
A
Severe recurrent temper outbursts and persistent negative mood for at least 1 year beginning before age 10
19
Q
Bipolar I disorder
A
At least one lifetime manic episode
20
Q
Bipolar II disorder
A
At least one lifetime hypomanic episode and one major depressive episode
21
Q
Cyclothymia
A
At least one lifetime hypomanic episode and one major depressive episode
22
Q
Epidemiology and Consequences of Depression
A
- Depression is common
- Prevalence varies across cultures
- Symptoms vary across cultures
- Age of onset
- Co-morbidity
23
Q
How common is Depression?
A
- **Depression is common
- Lifetime prevalence:
- 16.2% MDD
- 5% Depression more than 2 years
- Twice as common in women as in men
- Three times as common among people in poverty
24
Q
Depression: Prevalence across cultures
A
*Prevalence varies across cultures
-MDD: 6.5% in China, 21% in France
(Cultural factors play an important role in depression rates)
(there are big differences in countries)
25
Epidemiology and Consequences of Depression: Co-morbidity
Co-morbidity
* 5-30% with MDD experience PDD
* 60% of those with MDD will also meet criteria for anxiety disorder at some point
26
Epidemiology and Consequences of Depression: Symptoms across cultures
* Symptoms vary across cultures
- Focus on somatic symptoms (e.g., pain, fatigue)
- --Ethnic minorities in the US
- --People from Latin America and some Asian countries
27
Epidemiology and Consequences of Depression: Age of onset
* Early 20s (This is the time for most people)
| * Decreased over past 50 years
28
Generation change for MDD
With Each Generation, The Median Age Of Onset For MDD Gets Younger
29
T or F : Depressive episode required for Bipolar I, but not Bipolar II
FALSE
| Depressive episode required for Bipolar II, but not Bipolar I
30
Mania
State of intense elation, irritability, or activation
-Severity and duration of mania defining feature of each: Bipolar I, Bipolar II, Cyclothymia
31
Hypomania
(hypo = “under”)
Symptoms of mania but less intense
Does not involve significant impairment
Might think will think getting a noble peace prize = hypomania but people with regular mania they they are Jesus
32
DSM-5 Criteria for Manic and Hypomanic Episodes
* Distinctly elevated or irritable mood
* Abnormally increased activity and energy
* PLUS 3 other symptoms (four if mood is irritable):
- Increased goal-directed activity or psychomotor agitation
- Talkativeness or rapid speech
- Flight of ideas or racing thoughts
- Decreased need for sleep
- Increased self-esteem or grandiosity
- Distractibility
- Excessive involvement in activities that are likely to have undesirable consequences (e.g., reckless spending/sexual behavior/driving)
*Symptoms are present most of the day, nearly every day
*For a manic episode
vs For a hypomanic episode
-manic : Symptoms last at least 1 week, require hospitalization, or include psychosis
Symptoms cause significant distress or functional impairment
-hypomanic: Symptoms last at least 4 days
(a little bit lower criteria than manic)
Clear changes in functioning that are observable to others, but impairment is not marked
No psychotic symptoms are present
33
For a manic episode
vs For a hypomanic episode
(DSM-5 Criteria for Manic and Hypomanic Episodes)
* For a manic episode:
- Symptoms last at least 1 week, require hospitalization, or include psychosis
- Symptoms cause significant distress or functional impairment
* For a hypomanic episode:
- Symptoms last at least 4 days
- Clear changes in functioning that are observable to others, but impairment is not marked
- No psychotic symptoms are present
34
Cyclothymic disorder (Cyclothymia): DSM-5 Criteria for Bipolar Disorders
* Milder, chronic form of bipolar disorder
* Symptoms lasts at least 2 years in adults (1 year in children/adolescents)
* Numerous periods with hypomanic and depressive symptoms
*Does not meet criteria for hypomania or major depressive episode
*Symptoms do not clear for more than 2 months at a time
*Symptoms cause significant distress or impairment
(“needs to be clinically significant” = requires treatments)
35
Epidemiology and Consequences of Bipolar Disorder
| -gender differences
*Prevalence rates lower than MDD
*Average age of onset in 20s
*No gender differences in rates of bipolar disorders
(Women experience more depressive episodes)
*Severe mental illness
36
Epidemiology and Consequences of Bipolar Disorder: Prevalence rates
*Prevalence rates lower than MDD
* 1% in U S; 0.6% worldwide for Bipolar I
* 0.4% – 2% for Bipolar II
* 4% for Cyclothymia
37
Epidemiology and Consequences of Bipolar Disorder: mental illness
*15% unemployed full-time in past year
*Suicide rates high
(A little bit higher compared to depression)
*One in four report suicide attempt : More than half report suicidal ideation in past 12 months
38
Factors contributing to the onset of mood disorders
```
Genetic factors
Neurotransmitters
Brain function
Neuroendocrine System
Social factors
Psychological factors
```
39
Etiology of Mood Disorders: Genetic Factors
*Heritability estimates
37% MDD vs 93% Bipolar Disorder (VERY HIGH )
* Unlikely one gene explains these illnesses : More likely Gene x Environment Interaction
- How a gene might increase risk in presence of environmental risk factor
* Serotonin transporter gene (5-HTT) polymorphism
- Short allele combination of the 5-HTT gene and childhood maltreatment or adulthood stressful life events increases risk of MDD
40
How much does heritability play a role for MDD vs Bipolar Disorder
(Etiology of Mood Disorders: Genetic Factors)
*Heritability estimates
| 37% MDD vs 93% Bipolar Disorder (VERY HIGH )
41
gene to predict depression and stress
Stressful life events interact with serotonin transporter gene to predict depression
Short / short allele = more depression
long/long allele= lower depression
(above 1 stressful life events)
42
Etiology of Mood Disorders: Neurotransmitters (NTs)
*Norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin 37% MDD
(Big one for treatments are serotonin and norepinephrine)
*Original models focused on absolute levels of NTs
*New models focus on sensitivity of postsynaptic receptors
-Stress may lead to changes in sensitivity of serotonin receptors
-Dopamine plays a major role in the reward system
-Dopamine dysfunction may be connected to specific symptoms (e.g., changes in energy and motivation)
-Dopamine receptors may be overly sensitive in BD but lack sensitivity in MDD
43
Etiology of Mood Disorders: Brain Function
*Oversensitivity to emotional stimuli (elevated amygdala)
(Amygdala is main thing want to talk about in regards to emotion)
*Interference with emotion regulation (elevated anterior cingulate, diminished prefrontal cortex and hippocampus)
*Motivation to pursue rewards (striatum)
*Disruptions in the connectivity of these regions
44
Genetic Contribution
| MD vs DB
MD: moderate
BD: High
45
Neurotransmitter (serotonin, dopamine) dysfunction
| MD vs DB
MD: mixed evidence
DB: mixed evidence
46
Changes in activation of regions in the brain in response to emotion stimuli
MD vs DB
MD: Present
| DB: Present
47
Activation of regions in the brain in response to emotion stimuli
MD vs DB
MD: Diminished
| DB: Elevated
48
Cortisol awakening Response
| MD vs DB
MD: elevated
DB: elevated among those with depression
49
when celebrities commit suicide, others commit suicide, we can see:
when celebrities commit suicide, others commit suicide, we can see correlation but we canNOT see causation, cannot create an experiment
-a mistake in the book:
50
the relationship between phone freeze and text messaging wont work is ...
correlation
51
how long does one have to have five or more depressive symptoms (including sad mood or loss of pleasure) in order to be classified as depressive disorder
2 weeks
52
DSM-5 Criteria for Major Depressive Disorder : Symptoms are present for ....
* Symptoms are present:
- Nearly every day
- Most of the day
- For at least 2 weeks
53
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
| -types / classifications (i think)
* Episodic: Symptoms tend to dissipate over time
* Recurrent
- Once depression occurs, future episodes likely
- Among people with a first depressive episode : 15% report persistent depressive symptoms and Half report at least one additional episode
54
-Among people with a first depressive episode : _% report persistent depressive symptoms and _ report at least one additional episode
-Among people with a first depressive episode : 15% report persistent depressive symptoms and Half report at least one additional episode
55
DSM-5 Criteria for Manic and Hypomanic Episodes: symptoms
* Distinctly elevated or irritable mood
* Abnormally increased activity and energy
* PLUS 3 other symptoms (four if mood is irritable):
56
Epidemiology and Consequences of Bipolar Disorder: gender
*No gender differences in rates of bipolar disorders
| Women experience more depressive episodes
57
* Serotonin transporter gene (5-HTT) polymorphism
- Short allele combination of the 5-HTT gene and childhood maltreatment or adulthood stressful life events increases risk of ____
MDD
58
Stressful life events interact with ______ gene to predict depression
Figure 5.2 Stressful life events interact with serotonin transporter gene to predict depression
59
striatum
*Motivation to pursue rewards (striatum)
60
Etiology of Mood Disorders: Neuroendocrine System
*Overactivity of HPA axis
Amygdala activates HPA axis, which releases cortisol
Cortisol, stress hormone, increases activity of immune system to prepare for threat
Prolonged high cortisol levels can cause harm to body systems
Damage to hippocampus
More severe course of illness for MDD and BD
61
Etiology of Mood Disorders: Social Factors in Depression
*Life events
*Interpersonal difficulties
High levels of expressed emotion predict relapse
Marital conflict also predicts depression
62
Etiology of Mood Disorders: Social Factors in Depression - *Life events
42-67% report a stressful life event in year prior to depression
40% risk of developing depression when experiencing stressful life event without support (4% risk with support)
63
Etiology of Mood Disorders: Psychological Factors in Depression
* Neuroticism
* Cognitive Theories
* Beck’s Theory
*Hopelessness Theory
Most important trigger of depression is hopelessness
Desirable outcomes will not occur
Person has no ability to change situation
Attributional Style
Negative life events are due to stable and global causes
64
*Neuroticism
Etiology of Mood Disorders: Psychological Factors in Depression
*Tendency to experience frequent and intense negative affect
Predicts onset of anxiety, which is highly comorbid with depression
65
* Beck’s Theory
| - -Etiology of Mood Disorders: Psychological Factors in Depression
Negative triad
Negative view of self, world, future
Negative schema
Underlying tendency to see the world negatively
Cognitive biases
Tendency to process information in negative ways due to negative schema
66
Beck's theory of depression
negative triad --> cognitive bias --> negative schema --> (back to) negative triad
(this is a bidirectional circle)
negative triad --> depression
67
Etiology of Mood Disorders: Psychological Factors in Depression : Cognitive theories
Negative thoughts and beliefs cause depression
Beck’s Theory, Hopelessness Theory, Rumination Theory
Changing the negative thoughts
68
contributes to hopelessness: stable vs unstable vs global vs specific
global + stable --> hopelessness
69
Rumination Theory
Etiology of Mood Disorders: Psychological Factors in Depression : an example of cognitive theory
A specific way of thinking: tendency to repetitively dwell on sad thoughts
Most detrimental form is to brood regretfully over causes of events
70
Social and Psychological Factors in Bipolar Disorder
* Negative life events, neuroticism, negative cognitions, expressed emotion, and lack of social support
* Triggers of depressive episodes in BD appear similar to triggers in MDD
*Predictors of mania
-Reward sensitivity
--High responsively to rewards
--Life events that involve attaining goals
--Excessive goal pursuit
(Related to dopamine in the system)
-Sleep disruption
71
*Predictors of mania
*Reward sensitivity
--High responsively to rewards
--Life events that involve attaining goals
--Excessive goal pursuit
(Related to dopamine in the system)
* Sleep disruption
72
Cognitive therapy (CT) for depression
Altering maladaptive thought patterns
Monitor and identify automatic thoughts
Challenge and replace negative thoughts with more neutral or positive thoughts
73
Cognitive therapy (CT) may use what tool to track thoughts
Example of Cognitive Therapy Thought Monitoring Log
74
Eclectic psychotherapy,
which involves using multiple therapeutic methods
75
Behavioral activation (BA) therapy
Increase participation in positively reinforcing activities to disrupt spiral of depression, withdrawal, and avoidance
* BA is also one component of cognitive therapy
- a Psychological Treatment of Depression
76
Psychoeducational approaches
Provide information about symptoms, course, triggers, and treatments
(Can include in any theory really)
-Psychological Treatment of Bipolar Disorder
77
Cognitive Therapy (CT) for bipolar disorder
Similar to depression treatment with additional content to address early signs of mania
He feels this is tough to do: should use medication in addition to therapy
78
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)
-falls under Third Wave CBT
| Action based, facing traumas/anxiety
79
Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT)
-falls under Third Wave CBT
DBT skills, emotion regulation, and crisis coaching
80
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Depression (rTMS)
- a biological treatment of mood disorders
Electromagnetic coil placed against scalp
Pulses of magnetic energy increase activity in the brain
For those that fail to respond to first antidepressant
-A third line treatment
81
Light Treatment
– S.A.D.
IE Verilux Happy Light
-biological treatment of mood disorders
82
mood stabilizers
| Medications for Treating Mood Disorders
Antipsychotics: Zyprexa
Anticonvulsants: Depakote
Lithium
83
Antidepressants
| Medications for Treating Mood Disorders
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI): Prozac, Zoloft
(i think this is the most common)
Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI)
Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI)
MAO inhibitors
84
__% of people in US receiving treatment for depression are prescribed antidepressants
75% of people in US receiving treatment for depression are prescribed antidepressants
85
medication for depression is not very effective
| -TRUE or FALSE
FALSE (ish)
Very effective at treating severe, persistent depression
May not be helpful for those with mild or moderate symptoms
86
STAR-D (Rush et al., 2006)
Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression
* Attempted to evaluate effectiveness of antidepressants in real-world settings (comorbid psychiatric conditions)
* Only 33% achieved full symptom relief with citalopram
* About 30% of non-responders achieved remission with a different anti-depressant
* Remission rates were low and relapse rates were high
87
Combining psychotherapy and antidepressant
* Combining psychotherapy and antidepressant medications increases odds of recovery over either alone by 10-20%
- Medications quicker, therapy longer-lasting effects
88
Later studies (Hollon & DeRubeis, 2003)
CT as effective as medication for severe depression
| CT more effective than medication at preventing relapse
89
Other mood stabilizers besides lithium
Anticonvulsants
Divalproex (Depakote)
Antipsychotics (offer immediate calming effect)
Olanzapine (Zyprexa)
Recommended if people are unable to tolerate lithium side effects
Can be combined with lithium
90
Antidepressants and Bipolar
Often, when depression presents initially, patients are put on antidepressants and they switch quickly to a manic episode due to the antidepressant.
91
Suicide ideation:
thoughts of killing oneself
92
Suicide attempt:
behavior intended to kill oneself
93
Suicide:
death from deliberate self-injury
94
Non-suicidal self-injury
: behaviors intended to injure oneself without intent to cause death
Cutting, burning, etc
95
Epidemiology of Suicide and Suicide Attempts
10th leading cause of death in US
Worldwide: 9% report suicidal ideation at least once in their lives and 2.5% have made at least one suicide attempt
Guns are the most common means of suicide in the US (50%)
It is the most effective (other ways can be corrected)
Men are more likely than women to kill themselves
Women are more likely than men are to make suicide attempts that do not result in death
Men usually shoot or hang themselves
Women more likely to use less lethal means (like a drug overdose)
*The highest rates of suicide in the United States are for white males over age 50
The rates of suicide for adolescents and children in the United States are increasing dramatically
Being divorced or widowed elevates suicide risk four- or fivefold
96
in regards to suicide and gender
Men succeed more but women attempt more !
97
At what age is suicide most likely for both male and femal
45-54
98
Risk Factors for Suicide
*Psychological Disorders
```
*Neurobiological Models
Heritability of about 50% for suicide attempts
Low levels of dopamine
Abnormal cortisol regulation
*Social Factors
```
```
Perceived sense of burden to others and a lack of social belonging
*Psychological Models
Ineffective problem-solving
Hopelessness : no feeling of meaning
Impulsivity
```
99
relationship between psychological disorders and suicide
*Psychological Disorders
90% of people who attempt suicide have a psychological disorder
More than half of those who attempt suicide are depressed
Not just talking depression but half that attempt are depressed
100
Social factors relationship to suicide
Economic recessions ( a big one, example the great depression)
Media reports of suicide – Causation? (or correlation)
History of multiple physical and sexual assaults
101
Suicide and medication
Once started on medication during an episode of depression, suicide risk goes up initially.
Black box warning for adolescents.
(Thus there is a debate about whether should describe for adolescent- now it is very difficult to prescribe for adolescents- now do it in a controlled setting)
102
suicide notes
Often very impersonal (not addressed to a specific person)
Usually a list of things to be done following the person’s death
Rarely goes into detail about motivations
103
Preventing Suicide
Talk about suicide openly and matter-of-factly
Most people are ambivalent about their suicidal intentions
Talking about suicide can help the person identify other ways to relieve the pain
(A problem with problem solving : what are some other options?)
Treat the associated mental health disorder
Treat suicidality directly
Hospitalization for safety
3 ways that can be hopsilized involuntarily: suicide is one of them (missed the other 2)
104
Suicide Hotlines on Bridges
- putting more fencing on bridges
| - people who patrol the bridge
105
Broader Approaches to Suicide Prevention
*Studying suicide prevention within the military
Higher rates of suicide than the general population
Programing to encourage and destigmatize help seeking, normalize distress, and promote effective coping
*Means Restriction
Make highly lethal methods less available
Keep guns in locked cabinets
Restrict access to lethal drugs
106
The goal of panic control therapy for panic disorder is to help clients
view their symptoms as harmless and controllable.
107
Jenny began to have sudden attacks of anxiety and dread and thus began to avoid public situations. Which disorder did Jenny probably have?
Panic Disorder
108
The two types of medications most commonly used to treat anxiety are
antidepressants and benzodiazepines.
109
* **Depression is common
* Lifetime prevalence:
- __% MDD
- ___% Depression more than __ years
- __ as common in women as in men
* ___ times as common among people in poverty
* **Depression is common
* Lifetime prevalence:
- 16.2% MDD
- 5% Depression more than 2 years
- Twice as common in women as in men
* Three times as common among people in poverty
110
A common focus of most effective psychological treatments for the anxiety disorders is
exposure
111
T/F repressed memories have been proposed as a way that the development of anxiety through conditioning could take place
FALSE
repressed memories have NOT been proposed as a way that the development of anxiety through conditioning could take place
112
T/F women are more nervous than men is a reason that women are more likely to develop anxiety disorders than men
FALSE this is NOT a reason
113
In Latin America, the fright-illness is also known as
susto
114
T/F a person with bipolar 1 disorder may or may not experience depression
TRUE
115
when faced with a major life event, _______ can really lower the chance of depression
support
116
After viewing tapes of monkeys apparently showing fear of snakes, lambs, and flowers, monkeys who viewed these tapes were only fearful of snakes. This provides only partial support for __________ but better support for __________.
modeling, prepared learning
117
Suicide rates : BD vs depression
Suicide rates high
| A little bit higher compared to depression
118
he DSM-5 differs from the DSM-IV-TR in that
agoraphobia is a distinct disorder rather than a subtype of panic disorder.
119
*The highest rates of suicide in the United States are for :
*The highest rates of suicide in the United States are for white males over age 50
120
One problem with Mowrer's original two-factor model of phobias is that phobias tend to develop
only with respect to certain stimuli.
121
Laboratory studies, like those using the dot probe task, have provided evidence for the theory that
the way we focus our attention can influence anxious mood.
122
__________ as many girls as boys are exposed to childhood sexual abuse.
a. Five times
b. Twice
c. Three times
d. Four times
b. Twice
123
In Beck's theory, one form of cognitive bias leading to depression would be excessive attention toward
a. the past.
b. childhood sexual abuse.
c. global disasters.
d. negative feedback.
d. negative feedback.
124
If a psychiatrist chooses to prescribe an antidepressant to a person with bipolar disorder,
a. it is crucial that a mood-stabilizing medication be prescribed as well.
b. it should only be an SSRI.
c. it should only be a TCA.
d. lithium can be stopped for the time he or she is taking the antidepressant, but must be resumed as soon as the antidepressant is stopped.
a. it is crucial that a mood-stabilizing medication be prescribed as well.
125
Over time, repeated interactions with people with depression typically result in
a. longer interactions than with people without depression.
b. the depressed person feeling less depressed.
c. the depressed person eliciting negative feedback.
d. more depression even if there is an effort to reduce the depression in the conversation.
c. the depressed person eliciting negative feedback.
126
The Rorschach Inkblot Test is an example of a(n)
- intelligence test
- diagnostic inventory
- neuropsychological test.
- projective test
- projective test.
127
___ were the third most commonly prescribed medication for any type of health issue in 2013
Antidepressants were the third most commonly prescribed medication for any type of health issue in 2013
128
You conduct a study in which participants come to your lab and fill out a survey. The survey includes a question asking participants to write down how much they weigh. Immediately after each participant finishes the survey, you ask him/her to step on a scale. You find that there is a high positive correlation between self-reported body weight and weight as measured by the scale. You have demonstrated that self-report of weight has good __________.
- Predictive validity
- Content validity
- Concurrent validity
- Inter-rater reliability
- Concurrent validity
129
who would advocate
abnormal behavior is learned.
Behaviorists advocate that
130
The reasoning behind hypnosis as developed by Mesmer was that
changing the magnetic fluid in his patients would result in symptom reduction.
131
Hypnosis, as originally used by Mesmer, was used for
treating hysteria.
132
Students often have __________, which makes it difficult to remain objective when learning about psychopathology.
preconceived notions
133
The 'Malleus Maleficarum' was a
witch hunt manual
134
According to Freud, people who are fixated at the __________ stage are overly dependent upon others.
oral
135
Freuds order
oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
136
Anne experienced extreme pain at the dentist as a child. Now she goes to a different dentist, but feels her heart race when she arrives,and go down when she leaves. Her heart racing whenever she goes to the dentist is due to __________, and the calming feeling when she leaves is due to __________.
classical, operant
137
When one refers to their conscience, they are also describing their
superego
138
Hippocrates suggested which of the following treatments for mental illness?
care in choosing food and drink.
139
Esther was a patient of Mesmer, who was treating her for blindness. What was the likely scenario when she entered his treatment room?
a stock of chemical-filled rods, with Mesmer presiding over the room
140
The textbook chapter opens with a clinical case study about Felicia. In this scenario Felicia had very few friends and was often teased. What was it that eventually made her life easier?
Felicia was diagnosed as having ADHD and received effective treatment.
141
The 1996 __________ required that insurance companies cover mental illness at the same level as other illnesses.
Federal Mental Health Parity Act
