chapter 5 ADRS

Question 1

type A ADRs

Answer 1

• result of unwanted but normal pharmacological drug action
• usually dose dependent
• mortality very low
• i.e. bleeding while on anticoagulants
• may require dosing changes or discontinuation
• primary: extension of therapeutic effect
• secondary:nontherapeutic effect

Question 2

type B ADRs

Answer 2

• allergic or idiosyncratic effects expected from pharmacological action of drugs
• not dose dependent, unpredictable and unavoidable
  i. e. anaphylaxis, photosensitivity
• requires discontinuing drug
• different types I-V; I-most common-hypersensitivity

Question 3

type C ADRs

Answer 3

• cumulative effects of drugs with chronic use and dose and time related
  i. e. hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal suppression with chronic use of corticosteroids

Question 4

type D ADRs

Answer 4

• delayed and not apparent until after some time

i. e. congenital malformation (teratogenisis) and carinogenisis

Question 5

type E ADRs

Answer 5

• physiological withdrawal
• i.e. amphetamines, opiates, benzodiazepine, beta blockers
• drugs must be tapered

Question 6

type F ADRs

Answer 6

• unexpected failure of therapy

- usually due to drug to drug reaction

Question 7

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 7

• what drug does to the body

- can be agonists (activates receptors-albuterol) or antagonists (inhibits action-beta blockers)

Question 8

Dose-response relationship

Answer 8

-minimum concentration needed for effect

Question 9

Therapeutic index

Answer 9

• ratio of dose required for toxicity and efficacy
• some meds have specific range–narrow therapeutic index
• types of levels: peak, trough, random

Question 10

Factors modifying drug effects

Answer 10

Body size
Age
Sex
Route of administration
Psychological factors-non-compliance

Question 11

categories of ADRs

Answer 11

type A: related to pharmacological effects of drug
type B: allergic/idiosyncratic reactions
type C: cumulative dose of medication
type D: delayed reactions, after some time
type E: withdrawal of drug
type F: unexpected failure of therapy