Chapter 5 and 6

Question 0

What is the Urbanization Process?

Answer 0

1. out-migration from rural areas to cities

2. Natural increase of population due to an excess of births over deaths

Question 1

What is Urbanization?

Answer 1

more modern, population increased

Question 2

First World/Rich countries

Answer 2

USA

Question 3

Third World/Poor countries

Answer 3

Emerging markets, underdeveloped, poor, mass poverty

Question 4

Mega Cities

Answer 4

Giant cities over 10 million inhabitants, increased unemployment, inadequate sanitation, population, lack of housing

Question 5

Globalization of Culture

Answer 5

two forces that are decreasing cultural diversity among cities while increasing their economic interdependence: 1. the globalization of cultural life (films, news, tv) 2. globalization of economic life

Question 6

Old International Division of Labor (OIDL)

Answer 6

1. colonialism shaped cities

2. world-economics, political and cultural forces have been major factors to shaping cities

Question 7

New International Division of Labor (Needke)

Answer 7

1. replaced OIDL
2. people are knit together by the thread of global specialization
3. largest economic units globally were multinational companies, not national states.

Question 8

Five Types of Cities (Logan & Molotch)

Answer 8

1. Headquarters - corporate centers
2. Innovation centers - research & development (electronics)
3. Module production places - sites for routine economic tasks (assembly, processing)
4. 3rd World entrepots - trade and finance centers for importing, marketing
5. Retirement centers - growth for aging americans
6. Leisure-tourist playgrounds - big business
   5.

Question 9

Alpha cities vs. Beta cities

Answer 9

Alpha - command/headquarter cities: New York, London, Paris and Tokyo
Beta - world cities with high levels of advanced producer services like advertising, banking, finance - San Francisco, Madrid, Sydney

Question 10

What are communities?

Answer 10

1. group sharing a physical space, trait or identity & culture typified by a high degree of social cohesion
2. sometimes called a traditional community

Question 11

We-Ness Community

Answer 11

Sense of shared identity and interdependence

Question 12

What is a traditional community?

Answer 12

Inhabit a common physical space & accept the group’s rules and goals

Question 13

Ethnic or Religious Community

Answer 13

shared ethnic or religions beliefs

Question 14

Occupational Community

Answer 14

Engage in activities that give rise to share culture, attitude and values in urban society

1. lawyer
2. nurse

Question 15

Professional community (group)

Answer 15

1. members of group
2. few leave profession
3. share jargon not understood by outsiders
4. share values
5. collectively produce next generation
6. easily tell from outsiders in professional community
7. membership has same requirements for all members
8. professional group has power over members

Question 16

Non-occupational community

Answer 16

• Religious, ethnic, political
• can be a community if they meet the 8 criteria of professional group
• AA or sororities

Question 17

Subculture

Answer 17

share same cultural elements of the dominant culture but have own symbols, beliefs and values

Question 18

Counterculture

Answer 18

Subcommunities whose beliefs, symbols, attitudes, values oppose those of the dominant culture

Question 19

Collectives

Answer 19

Established on the basis of common ends

- non-kin groups like doctors

Question 20

Web Communities

Answer 20

facebook, twitter

Question 21

Polis of Athens

Answer 21

• independent
• economically self-sufficient, small-scale political unit
• not much like a modern nation-state, and it was much more than a city

Question 22

Cosmopolis

Answer 22

One who identification and involvement are with a larger social universe than the local community

Question 23

Gemeinschaft (Ferdinand Tommies)

Answer 23

• quality describing some close knit religious, occupational, ethnic and common interest groups
• social organizations, people are bound together by common values, sacred traditions and blood ties
• share physical territory, experience and thoughts
• Amish
• Hasidic Jews

Question 24

Gesellshaft (Ferdinand Tommies)

Answer 24

- form of social organizations that accompanied the rise of Industrialism, capitalism, and cities - lack of close-knit family and friendship ties

Question 25

Mechanical solidarity

Answer 25

based on similar values, traditions, kinship and simple division of labor

Question 26

Organic solidarity

Answer 26

- based on a complex division of labor requiring cooperation among heterogeneous people - similar to the human body, in which specialized organs have to function independently if the entire organism is to survive

Question 27

Typologies

Answer 27

- models of the real world - ideal types - composed of two or more ideal types that can be used to describe, compare and test hypotheses, such as the rural and urban types of society

Question 28

Western Europe: Rural to Urban

Answer 28

1. French Revolution | 2. Industrial Revolution

Question 29

Wald Spingler "The Decline of the West"

Answer 29

- he celebrates the triumph of the will and intuition over reason, and intellect, glorifying the notion of destiny and denigrating social science. - draws contract between country and city - country is home of all things bring and beautiful - city is a dead, mechanical shell, the home of civilization

Question 30

Lewis Wirth

Answer 30

- School of sociology in Chicago - concerned with the social psychology of modern city dwellers - asked "is there an urban personality?"

Question 31

Definition of Urbanism

Answer 31

Patterns of social interaction and culture that result from the concentration of large numbers of people in small areas

Question 32

Definition of a City

Answer 32

Large, dense settlements with heterogeneous populations - 3 variables - large size - high density - heterogeneity

Question 33

Gideon Sjoberg

Answer 33

- His typology contrasts two city types: preindustrial and industrial - deal with societies not cities - technology dictates social, political and ecological organization - Industrial: centralized economic organization, flexible kinship system, mass education & communication - Preindustrial: requires face to face communication, rigid social differentiation by age and gender, informal social controls based on religion - p

Question 34

Techno$chaft

Answer 34

New form of social, spatial, end economic organization based on information

Question 35

George M. Foster

Answer 35

- Questions the assumption that urban and rural modes of life are fundamentally different - peasant societies see good life as finite and nonexpandable at the price of others - extreme individualism is chosen over cooperation in preserving security

Question 36

Convergence theory

Answer 36

macro-level social theory that predicts that, over time, advanced industrial societies will develop similar traits despite their cultural or ideological differences in order to fulfill similar functions

Question 37

Levels of Analysis

Answer 37

- broad sweep of change from rural to urban society - focused on entire social system in their analysis of urbanization - used entire city for analysis - argued that neither entire social systems nor the city as a whole are proper units for studying social life

Question 38

Theoretical orientations

Answer 38

- many pay little attention to cross-cultural differences in analysis of modern urban life - think technological and economic imperatives will render cultural differences insignificant

Question 39

Attitudes towards progress

Answer 39

- industrial civilization distored human nature and led to the loss of contact with the earth - people could only flower in small communities bound by ties of vision and service

Question 40

Massification Thesis

Answer 40

- rural people in advanced industrial societies become indistinguishable from their city cousins - mass media, mass education and other influences break down rural isolation and diffuse urban culture

Question 41

Global Culture/Consumption thesis

Answer 41

- internationalization of culture and consumption patterns tends to homogenize cultures, tearing down national boundaries