BIO 200 > Chapter 5: Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Digestive System Flashcards

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1
Q

The digestive or gastrointestinal system performs four main functions:

A

Ingestion: intake
Digestion: mechanical and chemical breakdown.
Absorption: nutrient
Elimination: defacation

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2
Q

Ingestion

A

Food material taken into mouth

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3
Q

Digestion

A

Food is broken down, mechanically and chemically, as it travels through the gastrointestinal tract.

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4
Q

Digestive enzymes aid the breakdown or complex nutrients.

A

Proteins: amino acids
Sugars: glucose
Fats: fatty acids or triglycerides

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5
Q

Introduction: Absorption

A
  • Digested food passes into the bloodstream through lining cells of the small intestine.
  • Nutrients travel to all cells of the body.
  • Cells burn nutrients to release the energy stored in food.
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6
Q

Introduction: Elimination

A
  • The body eliminates solid waste materials that cannot be absorbed into bloodstream.
  • The large intestine concentrates feces.
  • The wastes pass out of the body through the anus.
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7
Q

Orans of the Digestive System

A

The gastrointestinal tract begins with the oral cavity.

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8
Q

bucc/o

A

Cheek

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9
Q

Cheil/o, labi/o

A

Lips

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10
Q

Palat/o

A

Palate (roof of the oral cavity) (hard palate and soft palate)

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11
Q

Uvul/o

A

Uvula

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12
Q

Gloss/o, Lingu/o

A

Tongue

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13
Q

Tonsill/o

A

Tonsils

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14
Q

Gingiv/o

A

Gums

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15
Q

Dent/i, odont/o

A

Teeth

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16
Q

Side of tooth facing the tongue

A

Lingual side

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17
Q

Side of tooth facing the cheeks

A

Buccal side

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18
Q

Side of tooth facing the lips

A

Labial (facial)

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19
Q

Salivary glands

A

1.) Parotid gland
2.) Submandibular Gland
3.) Sublingual Gland

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20
Q

Lower esophageal sphincter (cardiac sphincter)

A

Ring like muscle that guards the entry of the stomach.

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21
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A

Guards the exit of the bolous before it enters the small intestine.

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22
Q

Villi

A
  • In the lining of the small intestine. -Finger like projections that increase the surface area for digestive process to become far more efficient.
  • The absorption is also far more efficient with villi that protrude into the lumen space of the small intestine.
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23
Q

Liver

A

-Produces bile.
-Helps maintain normal blood glucose levels.
-Manufactures blood proteins necessary for clotting.
-Releases bilirubin, a pigment in bile.
-Removes toxins and poisons from the blood.

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24
Q

Jaundice (Hyperbilirubinemia)

A

-Hemoglobin (is broken down by macrophages into)
- Heme and Globin
-Heme is broken down in bilirubin (excreted by liver in bile) and iron (reused or stored in liver, spleen, or bone marrow).
- Globin is broken down into protein.

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25
The pancreas and it’s functions
Endocrine function: -Insulin (lowers your sugar level) -Glucagon (raises your sugar level in the blood) (Goes to the bloodstream to cells) Exocrine function: -Enzymes are released to the duodenum to help start the digestive process
26
Food Pathway through the GI Tract
Food enters through the oral cavity and exits through the anus. Oral Cavity (Salivary Glands release saliva to the oral cavity) Pharynx Esophagus Stomach (Liver releases bile to the gallbladder which release bile to the duodenum) Duodenum (Pancreas releases to the duodenum) Jejunum Ileum Cecum Ascending colon Transverse colon Descending colon Sigmoid colon Rectum Anus
27
Absorption
Passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream.
28
Amino acids
Small building blocks of proteins; released when proteins are digested.
29
Amylase
Enzyme secreted by the pancreas and salivary glands to digest starch.
30
Anus
Terminal end or opening of the digestive tract to the outside of body.
31
Appendix
Blind pouch hanging from the cecum.
32
Bile
Digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder; breaks up large fat globules; composed of bile pigments, cholesterol, and bile salts.
33
Bilirubin
Pigment released by the liver in bile.
34
Bowel
Intestine
35
Canine teeth
Pointed, dog-like teeth next to the incisors; also called cuspids or eyeteeth.
36
Cecum
First part of the large intestine.
37
Colon
Consist of the ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid segments.
38
Common bile duct
Carries bike from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum; also called the choledochus.
39
Defacation
Elimination of feces from the digestive tract.
40
Deglutition
Swallowing
41
Dentin
Primary material found in teeth; covered by the enamel in the crown and a protective layer of cementum in the root.
42
Digestion
Breakdown of complex foods to simpler forms.
43
Duodenum
First part of the small intestine; measures 12 inches long.
44
Elimination
Act of removal of materials from the body.
45
Emulsification
Physical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules.
46
Enamel
Hard, outermost layer of a tooth.
47
Enzyme
Chemical that speeds up reactions between substances; enzyme names end in -ase.
48
Esophagus
Tube connecting the throat to the stomach.
49
Fatty acids
Substances produced when fats are digested; a category of lipids.
50
Feces
Solid wastes; stool
51
Gallbladder
Small sac under the liver; stores bile.
52
Glucose
Simple sugar
53
Glycogen
Starch; glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in liver cells.
54
Hydrochloric acid
Substance produced by the stomach; necessary for digestion of food.
55
Ileum
Third part of the small intestine.
56
Incisor
One of four front teeth in the dental arch.
57
Insulin
Hormone produced by endocrine cells of the pancreas; transports sugar from the blood into cells and stimulates glycogen formation by the liver.
58
Jejunum
Second part of the small intestine.
59
Lipase
Pancreatic enzyme needed to digest fats.
60
Liver
Large organ located in the RUQ of the abdomen; secretes bile; stores sugar, iron, and vitamins; produces blood proteins; destroys worn-out RBCs; filters out toxins; normal adult liver weighs about 2 ½ to 3 pounds.
61
Lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
Ring of muscles between the esophagus and stomach; cardiac sphincter.
62
Mastication
Chewing
63
Molar teeth
Sixth, seventh, and eighth teeth from the middle on either side of the dental arch.
64
Palate
Roof of the mouth
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Pancreas
Organ under the stomach, produces insulin and enzymes.
66
Papillae (singular: papilla)
Small, nipple-like elevations on the tongue.
67
Parotid gland
Salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear.
68
Peristalsis
Rhythmic contractions of the tubular organs.
69
Pharynx
Throat, the common passageway for food from the mouth and for air from the nose.
70
Portal vein
Large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines.
71
Protease
Enzyme that digests protein.
72
Pulp
Soft tissue within a tooth, containing nerves and blood vessels.
73
Pyloric sphincter
Ring of muscle at the end of the stomach, near the duodenum; opens when a wave of peristalsis passes over it.
74
Pylorus
Distal region of the stomach, opening to the duodenum.
75
Rectum
Last section of the large intestine, connecting the end of the colon and the anus.
76
Rugae
Ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach.
77
Saliva
Digestive juice produced by salivary glands; contains the enzyme amylase.
78
Salivary glands
Parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands.
79
Sigmoid colon
Fourth and last, S-shaped segment of the colon, just before the rectum; empties into the rectum.
80
Sphincter
Circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening.
81
Stomach
Muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus.
82
Triglycerides
Fat molecules composed of three parts fatty acids and one part glycerol; subgroup of lipids.
83
Uvula
Soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft palate.
84
Villi (singular: villus)
Microscopic projections in the wall of the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream.
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an/o
Anus
86
Append/o, appendic/o
Appendix
87
Bucc/o
Cheek
88
Cec/o
Cecum
89
Celi/o
Belly, abdomen
90
Cheil/o
Lip
91
Cholecyst/o
Gallbladder
92
Choledoch/o
Common bile duct
93
Col/o, colon/o
Colon
94
Dent/i
Tooth
95
Duoden/o
Duodenum
96
Enter/o
Intestines, usually small intestine
97
Esophag/o
Esophagus
98
Faci/o
Face
99
Gastr/o
Stomach
100
Gingiv/o
Gums
101
Gloss/o, lingu/o
Tongue
102
Hepat/o
Liver
103
ile/o
ileum
104
Jejun/o
Jejunum
105
Labi/o
Lip
106
Lapar/o
Abdomen
107
Mandibul/o
Lower jaw, mandible
108
odont/o
Tooth
109
or/o
Mouth
110
Palat/o
Palate
111
Pancreat/o
Pancreas
112
Peritone/o
Peritoneum
113
Pharyng/o
Throat
114
Proct/o
Anus and rectum
115
Pylor/o
Pyloric sphincter
116
Rect/o
Rectum
117
Sialaden/o
Salivary gland
118
Sigmoid/o
Sigmoid colon
119
Stomat/o
Mouth
120
Uvul/o
Uvula
121
Amyl/o
Starch
122
Bil/i
Gall, bile
123
Bilirubin/o
Bilirubin (bile pigment)
124
Chol/e
Gall or bile
125
Chlorhydr/o
Hydrochloric acid
126
Gluc/o, Glyc/o
Sugar
127
Glycogen/o
Glycogen, animal starch
128
Lip/o
Fat
129
Lith/o
Stone
130
Prote/o
Protein
131
Py/o
Pus
132
Sial/o
Saliva, salivary
133
Steat/o
Fat
134
-ase
Enzyme
135
-chezia, hematochezia
Defacation, elimination of wastes
136
-iasis
Abnormal condition
137
-prandial, postprandial
Meal
138
Anastomoses
Typically surgical connection of 2 structures (blood vessels or tubular structures) -End to end -End to side -Side to side
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