Chapter 5. Endocrine System

Question 1

• surgical puncture of the amniotic sac
• process of viewing the urinary bladder
• Painful periods
• study of the growth and development of the human organism
• specialist in the diseases of the female reproductive system

Answer 1

• Amniocentesis
• Cystoscopy
• Dysmenorrhea
• Embryology
• Gynecologist

Question 2

• accumulation of water in the scrotum;
• Excessive bleeding during menstruation
• Inflammation of the kidney
• first pregnancy
• creation of new sperm
• study of urinary tract

Answer 2

• Hydrocele
• Menorrhagia
• Nephritis
• Primigravida
• Spermatogenesis
• Urology

Question 3

Consists of a group of organs that have NO DUCTS and therefore are also known as DUCTLESS GLANDS that secrete hormones directly into the blood stream. Give major glands of this system.

Answer 3

Endocrine system
Major: Pituitary Gland (present under hypothalamus),Testes, Ovaries, Thyroid Gland (neck), Adrenal Gland (on kidney), Pancreas Gland (endocrine and exocrine)

Question 4

Give the minor glands and locations.

Answer 4

Parathyroid Gland (neck)
Thymus Gland (chest)
Pineal Gland (brain)

Question 5

Located at the base of the brain.
Consists of two parts: anterior lobe and posterior lobe.
Controls what and is controlled by what?

Answer 5

Pituitary gland- master gland

It controls the functions of other endocrine glands and is in turn controlled by the hypothalamus.

Question 6

This houses releasing and inhibiting hormones. Controls release of anterior pituitary hormone. Give target tissue.

Answer 6

Hypothalamus

Anterior pituitary

Question 7

What endocrine gland consists of these hormones and define each:
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Adrenocorticotropic
Growth hormone
Follicle-stimulating hormone
Luteinizing hormone
Prolactin

Answer 7

ANTERIOR PIT. GLAND:
TSH- prod of Thy horm (T4, T3 and calcitonin)
ACTH- secre. of cortisol
GH- growth of bones and tissues
FSH- ov. foll growth, stim. estrogen secre. and sperm prod.
LH- ovulation, prog. secre.
Prolactin- breast dev., milk secre.

Question 8

Posterior pituitary gland hormones and give physiologic funx:

• antidiuretic hormone and deficiency
• formed in hypothalamus and stored in posterior pitutary gland

Answer 8

-Vasopressin, (kidney) water retention
Deficiency of ADH gives: large vol. of urine, polyurea, polydipsea, polyphagea
-Oxytocin, (uterus) causes contraction, (breast) ejection of milk

Question 9

Give e. gland, hormone and target tissues:

1) Sets the body’s “time clock”. Causes sleep in response to darkness.
2) Enhances the production of T lymphocytes

Answer 9

1) Pineal: Melatonin
Brain; anterior pituitary; reproductive organs; possibly other sites.
2)Thymus: Thymosin: T lymphocytes

Question 10

Give physiologic funx of

1) Thyroid: Thyroid hormone (Triiodo T3 and levothyroxine T4), and calcitonin
2) Parathyroid: Parathyroid hormone

Answer 10

1) Inc. metabolic rate; nec. for normal gr, dev. Calcitonin takes Ca from Blood➡️Bones
2) Inc. Ca in bloodstream.
Dec. phosphate in bloodstream
PTH takes Ca from Bones➡️Blood

Question 11

The Pancreas hormones:
Funx of 1) Insulin and 2) Glucagon, secre. from cells?
3) Inhibits digestion and absorption of nutrients.
4) Inhibit secretion of insulin, glucagon and gastrin

Answer 11

1) Insulin from beta cells: Prom. use, storage of nutrients, glucose, after eating
2) Maintains glucose levels in bloods during periods of no food
3) Somastatin and gastrin secre. from delta cells
4) pancreatic polypeptides from F cells

Question 12

Give hormones of Adrenal Medulla and

Adrenal cortex, funx

Answer 12

AM: Epi- Inc. Na+ reten. and K+ excre.
AC:
Aldosterone: Zona glomerulosa (out)- Inc. Na+ reten. and K+ secre.
Cortisol: Z. fasciculata- Inc. glucose in the bloodstream
Androgens: Z. reticularis- Puberty growth spurt and sex drive in females.

Question 13

• The testes and ovaries hormones and physiologic funx.

- Testosterone to 5-hydroxy testosterone is catalyzed by?

Answer 13

Testosterone- Stim. sperm prod.; resp. for dev. of sex charac. Prom. sex drive.
Estrogen- Stimulate uterine and breast growth; resp. for sex charac.
Progesterone (Uterus)- Preps for pregnancy
- 5 alpha-reductase

Question 14

-what hormone opposes the effects of GHRH
-It is synthesized and secreted by ______ in the anterior pituitary gland, breast
and the deciduas.

Answer 14

• Somatostatin

- Prolactin: lactotrope cells

Question 15

• Naturally occurs in levo (L) isomer form produced in the thyroid gland. Controls the rate of metabolism in the body.
• Converted in the liver and other organs to what active form?

Answer 15

• Thyroxin or Levothyroxine (T4) longer t1/2 than T3

- Triiodothyronine (T3) by deiodination (deiodinase) metabolically active form. 3-4x more potent than T4

Question 16

Reduces blood calcium ion concentration by moving Ca from blood to bones. Hypocalcemic hormone.
Used in treatment of osteoporosis associated vertebral fracture.
 Hypercalcemia stimulates calcitonin production.

Answer 16

Calcitonin- secreted by parafollicular cells (C-cells).

Question 17

Hypothyroidism symptoms: Sensitivity to cold, Dry flaky skin and Coarse hair, Slowed speech, Puffy face, hands, feet, Hearing loss, Dec. libido, Wt. gain, Constipation, Imp. memory, HTN, brady, Slow return of deep tendon reflexes

Answer 17

Hyper: Heat intol., sweating, Diffusely enlarged nontender goiter. Nervousness, irritability, anxiety and insomnia, Wt loss in spite of increased appetite Tremor and musc. weak., Tachy, Diarr

Question 18

Hyper diseases: 1) diffuse toxic goiter, most common hyperthyroidism, autoimmune disorder.
Antibodies (long- acting thyroid stimulators) bind to and activate TSH receptors.
2) toxic nodular goiter
3) Give hypothyroidism diseases

Answer 18

Hyper: 1)Graves 2) Plummer’s
3) Hashimoto (autoimmune, most common, elderly) Myxedema, Dwarfism
Mental retardation

Question 19

Hypo and hyper tests used and drug tx.

Answer 19

Hypo: Serum TSH assay. Levothyroxine- adequate dose thyroxin, necessary for development of the fetal brain.
Hyper: Sensitive TSH assay. Propylthiouracil- inh formn of T4 T3 ➡️ I and thyroglobulin w/ assist of peroxidase

Question 20

Serum TSH levels for hypo and hyper.
* The TSH level = T4 , pituitary gland is asking your thyroid gland to make. If your TSH levels are abnormally high, it could mean you have an underactive thyroid, or hypothyroidism.
What is the normal serum?

Answer 20

Hypo: >6 mU/L
Hyper: <0.3mU/L
Thyroid function tests (normal serum TSH is 0.3 to 6 mU/L)

Question 21

-Four tiny glands in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland, which is positioned on the esophagus, prod. PTH- reg. Ca metab. and reabs. Ca in kidney.

Answer 21

• Parathyroid Glands
• Hypoparathyroidism: Dec. prod. PTH Dec. blood Ca, Inc. blood PO4 levels, Causes convulsions, hypokalemia, neuromuscular irritability
• Hyper: Inc. prod. PTH, Inc. blood Ca, Dec. blood PO4, Causes muscle weakness, atrophy, fatigue

Question 22

In the pancreas the _____ which produces digestive enzymes. Islets produce 3 types of hormones:

Answer 22

• acini
• Insulin produced by beta cells; Glucagon produced by alpha cells; Somatostatin produced delta cells (extra pancreatic cells).
• Calcitonin produced by C cells, not in the pancreas

Question 23

Insulin Carbohydrate metabolism:

Answer 23

Increase:glucose uptake, lipogenesis
Decrease:glycogenolysis, ketogenesis glycogenesis

Question 24

Insulin protein metabolism:

Answer 24

Increase: RNA and DNA synthesis, protein synthesis, cell growth, amino acid transport

Question 25

Insulin fat metabolism:

Answer 25

Increase: storage of fatty acid in adipose tissue and lipogenesis Decrease: lipolysis

Question 26

Diabetes: ↑ ↓

Answer 26

↓ Insulin resistance ➡️ ↓ Influx of glucose inside the cell ➡️ Cell starvation (Polyphagia *↑ appetite) ➡️ ↑ Glucose in blood (hyperglycemia) ➡️ Osmotic diuresis ➡️ ↑ Glucose in urine (glycosuria) ➡️ *Polyuria (profound loss of water and electrolytes) ➡️ Polydipsia (intense thirst)

Question 27

Control glucose metabolism and protein synthesis. | The principle hormones are?

Answer 27

Glucocorticoids: cortisol and cortisone

Question 28

ACTH stimulates the cortex of the adrenal gland and boosts the synthesis of corticosteroids, mainly glucocorticoids but also mineral corticoids and sex steroids (androgens). Also give t1/2.

Answer 28

ACTH is also related to the circadian rhythm in many organisms. The half-life of ACTH in human blood is about 10 minutes.

Question 29

What is the chronic adrenal insufficiency, or hypocortisolism. Causes auto immune reaction, HIV and tuberculosis. Tx: Replace missing cortisol and fludrocortisones. Give symptoms.

Answer 29

Addison’s disease. Signs and symp: Chronic fatigue that gradually worsens, Muscle weakness, weight loss and loss of appetite, nausea, diarrhea, or vomiting.

Question 30

Hypercortisolism or hyperadrenocorticism is caused by high levels of cortisol in the blood. Give tx and symptoms:

Answer 30

Cushing's syndrome Rapid weight gain, Moon face, Buffalo hump, Reduced libido, Easy bruising Tx: Removal of adrenals. Post operative steroid replacement (hydrocortisone or prednisolone)

Question 31

- This hormone levels are elevated in first 3 months of pregnancy (first trimester). - Progestin's in pregnancy is produced by what?

Answer 31

- Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) | - ovaries, corpus luteum and placenta

Question 32

- During the menstrual cycle estrogen is produced by the? - After ovulation estrogen is produced by the? - Why during pregnancy ovulation does not occur?

Answer 32

-ovarian follicles -corpus luteum. -It is suppressed by high levels of estrogen and progesterone's.

Question 33

Hyperaldosteronism, a hyper function of adrenal cortex may be characterized by:

Answer 33

- Abnormality of electrolyte metab. resulting in high secretion of aldosterone - Tx: aldosterone antagonist: Spirolactone - hypokalemia

Question 34

Ketoacidoses are acidosis accompanied by the accumulation of ketone bodies in the body tissues and fluids and may be a result of:

Answer 34

- Starvation - Juvenile type diabetes - Inadequate insulin tx

Question 35

A polypeptide hormone secreted by the alpha cells of pancreas in response to hypoglycemia or to stimulation by the growth hormone of the anterior pituitary; it stimulates glycogenolysis in the liver by inducing activation of liver phosphorylase

Answer 35

Glucagon- Sec. by α-cells of pancreas, inc blood gluc lvls | Stimulate hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis

Question 36

- site of VASOPRESSIN | - used for diabetes insipidus, charactz:

Answer 36

- It acts on distal renal epithelium promoting the absorption of water - Polyuria, Thirst and Dec. in ADH levels and osmolarity

Question 37

Hormone which sustain the corpus luteum in pregnancy is:

Answer 37

LH and Prolactin

Question 38

Adrenocorticosteroids hormones are naturally in the body and are synthesized by:

Answer 38

Adrenal cortex is responsible for the release of cortisone-adrenocorticosteroids

Question 39

Common side effects with Corticosteroids therapy may include:

Answer 39

Edema, weight gain, osteoporosis, GIT effects, hypertension, suppression of pituitary adrenal integrity and increased susceptibility to infections.