Chapter 5 extras

Question 1

define bone metastases

Answer 1

refers to transfer of disease or cancerous lesions from one organ or part that may not be directly connected.

Question 2

define Bursitis

Answer 2

is inflammation of the bursae or fluid-filled sacs that enclose the joints; the process generally involves the formation of calcification in associated tendons, which causes pain and limited joint movement.

Question 3

define Carpaltunnel syndrome

Answer 3

common painful disorder of the wrist and hand that results from compression of the median nerve as it passes through the center of the wrist

Question 4

define fracture

Answer 4

a break in the structure of bone caused by a force (direct or indirect)

Question 5

what are the different types of fractures?

Answer 5

• barton fracture
• Bennett fracture
• boxer fracture
• colles fracture
• smith fracture

Question 6

define Barton Fracture

Answer 6

• Fracture and dislocation of the posterior lip of the distal radius involving the wrist joint.

Question 7

define Bennett Fracture

Answer 7

• Fracture of the base of the first metacarpal bone, extending into the carpometacarpal joint, complicated by subluxation with some posterior displacement.

Question 8

define Boxer Fracture

Answer 8

• Transverse fracture that extends through the metacarpal neck; most commonly seen in the fifth metacarpal.

Question 9

define Colles Fracture

Answer 9

• Transverse fracture of the distal radius in which the distal fragment is displaced posteriorly; an associated ulnar styloid fracture is seen in 50% to 60% of cases.

Question 10

define Smith Fracture

Answer 10

• transverse fracture of the distal radius with the distal fragment displaced anteriorly.

Question 11

define joint effusion

Answer 11

• refers to accumulated fluid (synovial or hemorrhagic) in the joint cavity. It is a sign of an underlying condition, such as fracture, dislocation, soft tissue damage, or inflammation.

Question 12

define osteoarthritis

Answer 12

• known as degenerative joint disease (DJD), is a noninflammatory joint disease characterized by gradual deterioration of the articular cartilage with hypertrophic (enlarged or overgrown) bone formation.

Question 13

define osteomyelitis

Answer 13

is a local or generalized infection of bone or bone marrow that may be caused by bacteria introduced by trauma or surgery.

Question 14

define osteopetrosis

Answer 14

• a hereditary disease marked by abnormally dense bone
• It commonly occurs as a result of fracture of affected bone and may lead to obliteration of the marrow space.
• also known as marble bone.

Question 15

define osteoporosis

Answer 15

refers to reduction in the quantity of bone or atrophy of skeletal tissue

Question 16

define Paget Disease

Answer 16

• a common chronic skeletal disease; it is characterized by bone destruction followed by a reparative process of overproduction of very dense yet soft bones that tend to fracture easily
• can occur in any bone but most commonly affects the pelvis, femur, tibia, skull, vertebrae, and clavicle

Question 17

define Rheumatoid Arthritis

Answer 17

• a chronic systemic disease with inflammatory changes throughout the connective tissues

Question 18

define Skier’s thumb

Answer 18

• a sprain or tear of the ulnar collateral ligament of the thumb near the MCP joint of the hyperextended thumb.

Question 19

define tumors

Answer 19

are most often benign (noncancerous) but may be malignant (cancerous)

Question 20

what are the different types of malignant tumors?

Answer 20

• Multiple myeloma
• Osteogenic sarcoma
• Ewing sarcoma
• Chondrosarcoma

Question 21

define Multiple myeloma

Answer 21

• most common primary cancerous bone tumor.
• As the name implies, these tumors occur in various parts of the body, arising from bone marrow or marrow plasma cells.
• The typical radiographic appearance includes multiple “punched-out” osteolytic (loss of calcium in bone) lesions scattered throughout the affected bones

Question 22

define Osteogenic sarcoma

Answer 22

• second most common type of primary cancerous bone tumor
• affects persons aged 10 to 20 years but can occur at any age

Question 23

define Ewing sarcoma

Answer 23

• a common primary malignant bone tumor in children and young adults that arises from bone marrow
• Stratified new bone formation results in an “onion peel” appearance on radiographs.

Question 24

define Chrondrosarcoma

Answer 24

• slow-growing malignant tumor of the cartilage
• dense calcifications are often seen within the cartilaginous mass.

Question 25

what are the different types of Benign/Cartilaginous tumors?

Answer 25

- Enchondroma - Osteochondroma

Question 26

define enchondroma

Answer 26

- slow-growing benign cartilaginous tumor most often found in small bones of the hands and feet of adolescents and young adults.

Question 27

define Osteochondroma

Answer 27

- most common type of benign bone tumor - Osteochondromas arise from the outer cortex with the tumor growing parallel to the bone, pointing away from the adjacent joint. - most common at the knee but also occur on the pelvis and scapula of children or young adults.

Question 28

define arthrography

Answer 28

- commonly used to image tendinous, ligamentous, and capsular pathology associated with diarthrodial joints, such as the wrist, elbow, shoulder, and ankle.

Question 29

define CT and MRI

Answer 29

- Computed tomography (CT) and MRI often are used on upper limbs to evaluate soft tissue and skeletal involvement of lesions and soft tissue injuries

Question 30

define Nuclear Medicine

Answer 30

- Nuclear medicine bone scans are useful for demonstrating osteomyelitis, metastatic bone lesions, stress fractures, and cellulitis. - Nuclear medicine scans demonstrate the pathologic process within 24 hours of onset - Most sensitive

Question 31

define ulnar collateral ligament

Answer 31

- attached to the styloid process of the ulna and fans out to attach to the triquetrum and the pisiform.

Question 32

define radial collateral ligament

Answer 32

- extends from the styloid process of the radius primarily to the lateral side of the scaphoid (scaphoid tubercle), but it also has attachments to the trapezium.

Question 33

when aligning the body part, does it have to be perpendicular or parallel to the IR

Answer 33

parallel

Question 34

When is PA Scaphoid Modified Stecher Method used?

Answer 34

- when the patient is unable to assume ulnar deviation

Question 35

why is the Gaynor Hart Method used?

Answer 35

- to rule out abnormal calcifications int he carpal sulcus - hand needs to be angled at 25-30 degrees