1
Q
A part of the body formed by 2+ tissues
A
Organ
2
Q
What comprises the Integumentary System?
A
The skin, hair, nails, and cutaneous glands
3
Q
The branch of medicine concerned with the integumentary system
A
Dermatology
4
Q
Integument (cutaneous membrane)
A
The skin
5
Q
What is the largest and heaviest organ in the body?
A
The skin
6
Q
Two layers within the skin
A
Epidermis: epithelium of skin
Dermis: connective tissue of skin
7
Q
What is the hypodermis?
A
Connective tissue just beneath the skin
8
Q
(T/F) Skin is classified as either thick or thin
A
True
9
Q
Palms, front of fingers, soles of feet, bottom of toes are all examples of ____ skin
A
Thick
10
Q
____ skin is hairless and lacks sebaceous (oil) glands
A
Thick
11
Q
The epidermis of thick skin is how many mm thick?
A
0.5 mm
12
Q
_____ skin has an epidermis 0.1 mm thick, covers most of body, contains hair, sebaceous, and sweat glands.
A
Thin
13
Q
- Resistance to trauma/infection
- forming barrier
- vitamin D synthesis
- excretion thru sweat glands
- Sensation
- Thermoregulation
- Nonverbal communication (ex; facial expressions)
Are all functions of what?
A
The skin
14
Q
The ____ is a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
A
epidermis
15
Q
The epidermis lacks blood vessels ( ___ ), so nutrients must _____ from underlying connective tissue of dermis
A
Avascular, Diffuse
16
Q
Superficial cells of the epidermis are ____, packed with keratin
A
Dead
17
Q
Name the 5 cells of the epidermis
(KSMTD)
A
Keratinocytes, Stem cells, Melanocytes, Tactile cells, Dendritic cells
18
Q
______cytes make up majority of all epidermal cells and synthesize keratin
A
Keratinocytes
19
Q
____ cells: divide (mitosis) and produce keratinocytes. Lie only in deepest layer, or stratum basale of epidermis.
A
Stem cells
20
Q
________: Make black/brown pigment called melanin, which is used by keratinocytes to protect DNA from UV rays. Located in stratum basale.
A
Melanocytes
21
Q
______ cells: receptors for touch in stratum basale, associate with underlying dermal nerve fiber.
A
Tactile
22
Q
Tactile disc is a collective term for
A
A tactile cell and its nerve fiber
23
Q
______ cells: immune surveillance, guard against infections/toxins. located in stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum.
A
Dendritic cells
24
Q
5 Layers of the Epidermis (from superficial to deep)
(Come, Lets Get Sun Burnt)
A
stratum Corneum
stratum Lucidum
stratum Granulosum
stratum Spinosum
stratum Basale
25
The two layers of the dermis
Papillary layer
Reticular layer
26
Areolar or adipose tissue between skin and muscle
Hypodermis
27
Overall, it takes 30-40 days for a keratinocyte to form, migrate to skin surface, and flake off in specks called ______.
Dander
28
Keratinocytes produced by ____ of stem cells in stratum basale; migrate away from dermis
Mitosis
29
Keratin bound into coarse bundles > Proteins form durable sac around bundles > Lipid filled lamellar granules release lipids that spread across cell surface and waterproof it > organelles degenerate, cells die > _________ _______ _______ results.
Epidermal Water Barrier
30
(T/F) Injured epidermis regenerates more rapidly than any other tissue in the body
True
31
______ occur when mechanical stress from manual labor or tight shoes accelerates keratinocyte multiplication.
Calluses/Corns
32
In the stratum granulosum, what is the name of the protein released by keratohyalin to bind the keratin filaments together into bundles?
Flilaggrin
33
_____ ____ form the protein sac around the keratin bundles
Envelope proteins
34
The ________ _____ release a lipid mixture that spreads out over the keratinocyte and waterproofs it
Lamellar Granules
35
The connective tissue layer below the epidermis
Dermis
36
The dermis is composed mainly of _____ fibers, but also contains elastic and reticular fibers
Collagen
37
The dermis is
A. Vascular
B. Avascular
Vascular
38
The dermis has two zones:
______ layer: thin zone of areolar tissue in and near dermal papillae
______ layer: deeper and thicker zone of dense irregular connective tissue.
Papillary
Reticular
38
The ______ layer contains cutaneous glands, hair follicles, arrector muscles, and nail roots
Dermis
39
As it is areolar tissue, the papillary layer is rich in ______.
Blood vessels
40
The reticular layer is more fibrous than the papillary layer, meaning it is _____.
Tougher
41
When the reticular layer stretches during weight gain or pregnancy, collagen fibers tear, creating
Striae: stretch marks
42
An accumulation of serous fluid from vessels at dermal-epidermal boundary, caused by burns or friction
Blister
43
Tall ___ ______ prevent the epidermis from slipping across the dermis, thus contributing to stress resistance.
Dermal papillae
44
(T/F): skin on the face and abdomen are less subject to stress and does not require such well developed papillae
True
45
Collagen bundles in the dermis arranged in parallel rows that run longitudinally/obliquely in the limbs, but encircle neck, trunk, etc. They keep the skin under constant tension.
Tension lines
46
Surgeons make incisions ______ to the tension lines
parallel, so they can heal with less scarring
47
What two kinds of tissue does the hypodermis (layer just beneath the skin) contain?
Subcutaneous fat (adipose tissue)
Areolar tissue
48
Another term for the hypodermis is
Subcutaneous tissue
49
Subcutaneous injections are delivered into the ____dermis because the tissue is highly vascular and absorbs medication faster.
Hypo
50
Energy storage, thermal insulation, protection for and connection to deeper tissues are all functions of the _____dermis.
Hypodermis
51
Variation in skin color can be attributed to distribution, types, and amount of ________.
Melanin
52
Dark melanin, subtypes include brown and black.
Eumelanin
53
Lighter melanin, reddish-yellow
Pheomelanin
54
Melanized cells lie in the stratum _____.
Stratum Basale
55
(T/F) Some UV Radiation is important (vitamin D production), too much is damaging (cancer, etc)
True
56
_____ ____ was the evolutionary answer to balancing vitamin D production with damaging effects of UV in certain areas.
Skin color
57
Cyanosis
Blueness of skin from oxygen deficiency
58
Erythema
Abnormal redness of the skin (such as after exercise, sunburns, etc)
59
Pallor
Pale color from too little blood flow
60
Yellowing of skin from accumulation of bilirubin, a hemoglobin breakdown product.
Jaundice
61
A mass of clotted blood showing through skin
Hematoma/Bruise
62
Ecchymosis
A bruise colored as black, blue, yellow, red, purple
63
_____ ridges: aid in sensitivity to texture, ability to grasp, cause fingerprint pattern
Friction
64
Flexion lines
Where skin near joint attaches to deeper tissue
65
Flat, melanized patches that vary with heredity and UV exposure
Freckles
66
Elevated patches of melanized skin
Mole (nevus)
67
Discolored skin caused by benign tumors of capillaries
Hemangiomas (birthmarks)
68
The accessory organs (appendages) of the skin
Hair, nails, cutaneous glands
69
(T/F): Hair and nails consist primarily of dead, keratinized cells, and contain hard keratin, which is tougher and more compact than soft keratin of the stratum corneum
True
70
A slender filament of keratinized cells that grows from a hair follicle
Hair (pilus)
71
Lips, nipples, parts of genitals, palms/soles, ventral/lateral surfaces of fingers/toes, distal segments of fingers are all places where hair
A. does grow
B. does not grow
does not grow
72
The three types of hair a human can grow
Downy hair (lanugo)
Vellus hair
Terminal hair
73
______ hair: fine, unpigmented hair of the fetus
Downy hair (lanugo)
74
______ hair: replaces the lanugo at birth; fine, pale hair.
Vellus hair
75
______ hair: longer, coarser, more heavily pigmented hair
(ex: brows, lashes, beard, pubic hair, scalp, etc)
Terminal hair
76
The two main parts of the hair:
__________: above the skin
__________: below the skin
hair shaft, hair root
77
The swollen base at the end of the hair root, which grows around the dermal (hair) papilla.
Hair bulb
78
region of living, actively dividing cells adjacent to the papilla
Hair matrix
79
When new cells are produced, they push the rest of the hair ____, resulting in ___ _____.
upward, hair growth.
80
Three layers of the hair
Medulla: inner core
Cortex: thickest layer
Cuticle: outermost layer, scaly, thin, overlapping cells
81
The follicle dips into the dermis and hypodermis, and contains three main layers:
______ ____ sheath
_______ ___ sheath
_______ sheath
Internal root sheath
External root sheath
Fibrous sheath
82
The hair follicle is surrounded by ______ _____ muscles capable of piloerection
Arrector pili
83
Brown and black hair are attributed to ratios of brown and black ______, while blonde hair has more _______.
Eumelanin, Pheomelanin.
84
Gray and white hair results from
Absence of melanin, presence of air in medulla.
85
Hair follicle goes thru three developlmental stages of the hair cycle:
______: growth stage, stem cells in hair bulge and matrix multiply, MOST hairs are in this stage
______: mitosis ceases, follicle shrinks, hair dies, loses its anchorage, easily pulled out.
______: resting stage for folicle 1-3 months
(ACT)
Anagen, Catagen, Telogen
86
Universal thinning of hair, usually due to aging
Alopecia
87
Hair loss from select regions of scalp, genetic
Pattern baldness
88
The 8 structural features of the nails:
Nail plate
Nail body
Nail root
Nail fold
Nail groove
Nail bed
Nail matrix
cuticle
89
the hard part of the nail, includes overhanging free edge, as well as nail body and root
Nail plate
90
Visible attached part of the nail
Nail body
91
Nail part that extends proximally under the skin
Nail root
92
Skin surrounding nail is the ____ ____, separated from the nail plate by the ___ _____.
Nail fold, Nail groove
93
Skin underlying nail plate; its epidermis is the hyponychium
Nail bed
94
The thick growth zone at the end of the nail, its thickness obscured underlying vessels and so it appears as a white crescent, the lunule.
Nail matrix
95
The narrow zone of dead skin overhanging the proximal end of the nail
Cuticle
96
Five types of glands in the skin
(AESCM)
Apocrine sweat glands
Eccrine sweat glands
Sebaceous glands
Ceruminous glands
Mammary glands
97
The two kinds of sweat glands
Apocrine, Eccrine
98
Glands found in groin, areola, beard, axilla, anus. Produce sweat with fatty acids, whose bacterial metabolism causes body odor.
Apocrine glands
99
______ glands: believed to secrete sex pheromones
Apocrine
100
Glands that are widespread over entire body, abundant on palms, forehead, soles. Simple tubular gland leading to sweat pore on skin surface, uses perspiration to cool the body.
Eccrine (merocrine) glands
101
Glands that produce an oily secretion called sebum
Sebaceous glands
102
Modified aprocrine glands found in external ear canal that produce cerumen (earwax).
Ceruminous glands
103
Modified apocrine glands found in breasts during pregnancy and lactation. Secretion channeled through ducts to nipple.
Mammary glands
104
The epidermis has ______ origin, while dermis has _____ origin
Ectodermal, Mesodermal
105
______ (age related degeneration) of skin is usually noticeable by the late 40s.
Senescence
106
Over time, our bodies ____ collagen.
lose
BIOL 244
flashcards
Decks in class (10)
# Cards
-
Ch 1-3100
-
Chapter 2: Cellular Level of Organization100
-
Chapter 3: Tissue Level of Organization64
-
Chapter 4: Embryonic Stage of Development83
-
Chapter 5 - Integumentary System107
-
Chapter 6 - The Skeletal System I75
-
Chapter 7: The Axial Skeleton120
-
Chapter 8: Appendicular Skeleton106
-
Chapter 9: The Joints96
-
Chapter 10: Muscle Cells122
