chapter 5: structure and function of large biological molecules

Question 1

4 classes of macromolecules

Answer 1

carbohydrates
lipids
nucleic acids
proteins

Question 2

basic structure of a biological molecule

Answer 2

monomers joined together in a long sequence

Question 3

polymer

Answer 3

made of a chain of monomers joined by covalent bonds

Question 4

monomer

Answer 4

small molecules that act as the building blocks of polymers

Question 5

what macromolecule doesn’t have a monomer?

Answer 5

lipids

Question 6

monomers are joined together by

Answer 6

covalent bonds

Question 7

protein monomer

Answer 7

amino acids

Question 8

nucleic acids monomer

Answer 8

nucleotides

Question 9

carbohydrates monomer

Answer 9

monosaccharide

Question 10

how many amino acids are there

Answer 10

20

Question 11

how are polymers formed?

Answer 11

dehydration reactions

Question 12

dehydration reaction

Answer 12

removes a water molecule, forms a new bond

Question 13

polymers are disassembled to monomers by

Answer 13

hydrolysis reactions

Question 14

hydrolysis

Answer 14

adds water molecule, breaks a bond

Question 15

name of covalent bond that connects nucelotides

Answer 15

phosphodiester bond

Question 16

name of covalent bond that connects amino acids

Answer 16

peptide bond

Question 17

name of covalent bond that connects monosaccharides

Answer 17

glycosidic bonds

Question 18

name of covalent bond that connects lipids

Answer 18

ester bonds

Question 19

functions of sugars

Answer 19

serves as fuel and a source of carbon

Question 20

carbohydrate classifications

Answer 20

monosaccharides
disaccharides
polysaccharides

Question 21

monosaccharide

Answer 21

simple sugar

Question 22

disaccharide

Answer 22

double sugar

Question 23

polysaccharide

Answer 23

many sugars

Question 24

general chemical formula of a monosaccharide

Answer 24

CH2O

Question 25

most monosaccharides end in

Answer 25

-ose

Question 26

which feature of the large biological molecules explains their great diversite?

Answer 26

the many ways that monomers of each class of biological molecules can be combined into polymers

Question 27

how is one monosaccharide different from another?

Answer 27

number of carbons position of --OH location of carbonyl groups

Question 28

in aqueous solutions, most sugars form what shape?

Answer 28

rings

Question 29

2 functions of polysaccharides

Answer 29

energy storage structural support

Question 30

starch, glycogen, and cellulose monomers are examples of

Answer 30

glucose molecules

Question 31

how many monosaccharides are in a polysaccharide

Answer 31

a few hundred - thousand

Question 32

energy storage in plants

Answer 32

starch

Question 33

energy storage in animals

Answer 33

glycogen

Question 34

what determines the architecture and function of polysaccharides?

Answer 34

sugar monomers glycosidic linkages

Question 35

structural support in plants

Answer 35

cellulose

Question 36

structural support in animals

Answer 36

chitin

Question 37

a disaccharide is formed when

Answer 37

a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides

Question 38

are lipids true polymers?

Answer 38

no

Question 39

lipids unifying feature

Answer 39

mixes poorly with water

Question 40

3 types of lipids

Answer 40

fats phosphilipids steroids

Question 41

functions of lipids

Answer 41

energy storage used for structure of membrane some hormones are lipids

Question 42

major function of fats

Answer 42

energy storage

Question 43

does fat or starch store more energy?

Answer 43

1g of fat stores more than 2x energy as 1g starch

Question 44

are fats hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

Answer 44

hydrophobic

Question 45

what makes fats hydrophobic?

Answer 45

the many nonpolar C---H bonds on the long hydrocarbon skeleton

Question 46

saturated fat

Answer 46

single bond between C--C linear molecule maximum Hydrogen atoms higher density solid at room temp

Question 47

unsaturated fat

Answer 47

double bond between C==C bent molecule (kink) contains at least one unsaturated fatty acid lower density liquid at room temp

Question 48

starch function

Answer 48

energy storage in plants

Question 49

glycogen function

Answer 49

energy storage in animals

Question 50

cellulose function

Answer 50

structural support in plants

Question 51

starch structure

Answer 51

helical and branched

Question 52

glycogen structure

Answer 52

helical and branched

Question 53

cellulose structure

Answer 53

linear structure that forms insoluble fibers

Question 54

phospholipids structure

Answer 54

hydrophilic head hydrophobic tail

Question 55

cell membrane structure

Answer 55

phospholipid bilayer hydrophobic tails face each other

Question 56

starch monomer

Answer 56

alpha - glucose

Question 57

glycogen monomer

Answer 57

alpha - glucose

Question 58

cellulose monomer

Answer 58

beta - glucose (contributes to linear structure)

Question 59

chitin function

Answer 59

structural support in animals and fungi

Question 60

what polysaccharide doesn't have a glucose monomer?

Answer 60

chitin

Question 61

steroids structure

Answer 61

lipids with a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

Question 62

steriods vary based on

Answer 62

the chemical groups attached to the rings

Question 63

cholesterol

Answer 63

precursor from which other steroids are synthesized

Question 64

a high level of cholesterol in blood contributes to

Answer 64

cardiovascular disease

Question 65

amphipathic meaning

Answer 65

polar and nonpolar regions

Question 66

protein polymer

Answer 66

polypeptide

Question 67

carbohydrate polymer

Answer 67

polysaccharide

Question 68

2 types of nucleic acids

Answer 68

DNA RNA

Question 69

polymers are formed through

Answer 69

dehydration reactions

Question 70

polymers are disassembled to monomers by

Answer 70

hydrolysis reactions

Question 71

3 common examples of monosaccharides

Answer 71

ribose glucose (6 carbons) fructose

Question 72

differences between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

Answer 72

based on the number of Carbon rings (mono-1 ring, di-2 rings, etc.)

Question 73

how are carbon rings named?

Answer 73

based on number of Carbons in the ring (ex. pentose, hexose, etc.)

Question 74

3 common examples of disaccharides

Answer 74

sucrose lactose maltose

Question 75

3 common examples of polysaccharides

Answer 75

glycogen cellulose starch