BIO 112 - I GOT THIS!!! > Chapter 5 - Tissues > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Tissues Flashcards

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1
Q

In complex organisms, cells are organized into…?

A

Tissues

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2
Q

Tissue

A

group of similar cells with a common function

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3
Q

Histology

A

the study of Tissues

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4
Q

What are the 4 major types of Tissues in the body?

A
  • Epithelial tissue
  • Connective tissue
  • Muscle tissue
  • Nervous tissue
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5
Q

Epithelial tissue

A
  • Cover organs and body surface
  • Line cavities and hollow organs
  • Make up glands
  • Have a free surface on outside, and basement membrane on inside
  • Lack blood vessels (avascular), and nutrients diffuse to epithelial
    tissue from underlying connective tissue
  • Cells readily divide; injuries heal rapidly
  • Cells are tightly packed
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6
Q

Cell Shapes

A

Squamous - flat
Cuboidal - cube-shaped
Columnar - tall

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7
Q

Cell Layers

A

simple (one layer of cells), stratified (2 or more layer of cells), or
pseudostratified (appears layered, but is not)

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8
Q

Simple squamous epithelium:

A
  • Single layer of thin, flat cells
  • Substances pass easily through air sacs (alveoli) and capillaries
  • Thin and delicate, can be easily damaged
  • Found in diffusion and filtration sites
  • Makes up walls of air sacs (alveoli) and capillaries
  • Lines blood and lymphatic vessels
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9
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium:

A
  • Single layer of cube-shaped cells
  • Secretion and absorption
  • Lines kidney tubules, thyroid follicles, ducts of some glands
  • Covers ovaries
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10
Q

Simple columnar epithelium:

A
  • Single layer of elongated cells
  • Nuclei usually at same level, near basement membrane.
  • Sometimes have microvilli, cilia, goblet cells (secrete mucus)
  • Secretion and absorption
  • Lines uterus, stomach, intestines
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11
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium:

A
  • Single layer, but appears layered
  • Nuclei at 2 or more levels
  • Cells vary in shape, but all reach basement membrane
  • Often has cilia, goblet cells
  • Protection from infection
  • Lines respiratory passageways
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12
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium:

A
  • Many cell layers; thick
  • Protective layer
  • Outermost cells are squamous, deeper cells are cuboidal
  • New cells produced in deep layers, push older cell toward free
    surface
  • Outer layer of skin, called the epidermis, is keratinized
  • Lines oral cavity, vagina, anal canal
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13
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium:

A
  • 2 to 3 layers of cube-shaped cells
  • More protection than 1 layer
  • Lines ducts of mammary, sweat, and salivary glands, and
    pancreas
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14
Q

Stratified columnar epithelium:

A
  • Several layers of cells
  • Top layer of elongated cells
  • Cube-shaped cells in deeper layers
  • Lines part of male urethra, ducts of exocrine glands
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15
Q

Transitional epithelium(uroepithelium):

A
  • Many cell layers
  • Cube-shaped and elongated cells
  • Changes shape and appearance with increased tension;
    stretches
  • Forms barrier and lining that can expand
  • Lines urinary bladder, ureters, and part of urethra
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16
Q

Glandular Epithelium:

A

Composed of cells that produce and
secrete substances into ducts or body fluids

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17
Q

What are the 2 types of Glands in the body?

A

Endocrine Glands
&
Exocrine Glands

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18
Q

Endocrine glands

A

secrete into tissue fluid or blood

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19
Q

Exocrine glands

A

secrete into ducts that open onto a surface

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20
Q

What are the 2 structural types of Exocrine Glands?

A

Unicellular
&
Multicellular

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21
Q

Unicellular

A

Composed of one cell, such as a goblet cell
(secretes mucus)

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22
Q

Multicellular

A

Composed of many cells; can be simple or
compound; examples: sweat and salivary glands

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23
Q

What are the 3 types of Glandular Secretion?

A

Merocrine Glands
&
Apocrine Glands
&
Holocrine Glands

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24
Q

Merocrine glands:

A

Secrete fluid products by exocytosis;
salivary and sweat glands, pancreas

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25
Apocrine glands:
Lose small part of cell during secretion; mammary and ceruminous glands
26
Holocrine glands:
Release entire cells filled with product; sebaceous glands
27
General characteristics of connective tissues:
* Most abundant tissue type by weight * Cells are farther apart than epithelial cells * Contain abundant extracellular matrix between cells, consisting of protein fibers and a ground substance * Consistency varies from fluid to solid * Categories: * Connective tissue proper * Specialized connective tissues * Most have good blood supply, so are well-nourished
28
Functions of connective tissues:
* Bind structures together * Provide support and protection * Serve as frameworks * Fill spaces * Store fat * Produce blood cells * Protect against infections * Help repair tissue damage
29
Fibroblasts
* Most common fixed cell * Large star-shaped cell * Secrete fibers into extracellular matrix
30
Macrophages (Histiocytes):
* Usually attached to fibers, but can detach and wander * Conduct phagocytosis * Defend against infection
31
Mast Cells:
* Large cells, widely distributed * Release heparin to prevent blood clotting * Release histamine, which causes inflammatory response
32
Fibroblasts produce what 3 fiber types in connective tissue?
Collagen FIbers Elastic (Yellow) Fibers Reticular Fibers
33
Collagen Fibers
* Thick threads of collagen, the body’s main structural protein * Great tensile strength and flexible, slightly elastic * Found in ligaments and tendons
34
Elastic (Yellow) Fibers:
* Composed of elastin protein; branching * Can stretch and return to original shape * Not as strong as collagen fibers * Found in vocal cords, respiratory air passages
35
Reticular Fibers:
* Thin, branching fibers of collagen * Form delicate, supporting networks * Found in spleen, liver
36
Connective Tissue Proper:
* Loose connective tissues: * Fewer collagen fibers than dense tissues * Types: Areolar, Adipose, Reticular * Dense connective tissues: * Contain abundant collagen fibers * Types: Dense regular, Dense irregular, Elastic
37
Specialized connective tissues:
* Cartilage * Bone * Blood
38
Areolar connective tissue:
* Forms thin, delicate membranes * Cells are mainly fibroblasts, in a gel-like ground substance * Collagenous and elastic fibers * In subcutaneous layer * Beneath most epithelia, where it nourishes nearby epithelial cells
39
Adipose tissue (fat):
* Adipocytes store fat * Push their nuclei to one side * Crowd out other cell types * Cushions and insulates * Beneath skin (subcutaneous layer), behind eyeballs, around heart and kidneys, in spaces between muscles
40
Reticular Connective Tissue:
* Composed of network of thin reticular fibers * Supports walls of internal organs * Walls of liver, spleen
41
Dense Regular Connective Tissue:
* Closely packed collagenous fibers * Fine network of elastic fibers * Most cells are fibroblasts * Very strong, withstands pulling * Binds body parts together * Tendons, ligaments, dermis * Poor blood supply; slow to heal
42
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue:
* Randomly organized, thick, interwoven collagenous fibers * Can withstand tension exerted from different directions * Dermis of skin * Around skeletal muscles
43
Elastic Connective Tissue:
* Abundant yellow elastic fibers, and some collagenous fibers * Fibroblasts * Attachments between bones of spinal column * Walls of hollow organs, such as large arteries, airways * Parts of heart * Elastic quality, stretches
44
Specialized Connective Tissues:
* Cartilage, bone and blood * Have unique matrix with specialized cells
45
Cartilage
* A rigid, specialized connective tissue * Support, framework, attachments * Protection of underlying tissue * Models for developing bone * Matrix contains collagen in gel-like ground substance * Chondrocytes (cartilage cells) in lacunae (chambers), surrounded by matrix * Lacks blood supply; heals slowly
46
What are the 3 types of Cartilage?
Hyaline, Elastic, and Fibrocartilage
47
Hyaline cartilage:
* Most common type * Fine collagen fibers in matrix * Ends of bones in joints, nose, respiratory passages, embryonic skeleton
48
Elastic cartilage:
* Flexible, due to elastic fibers in matrix * External ear, larynx
49
Fibrocartilage
* Very tough, due to many collagen fibers * Shock absorber * Intervertebral discs, pads (menisci) of knee, and pelvic girdle
50
Bone (Osseous Tissue):
* Most rigid connective tissue * Solid matrix, composed of mineral (Ca) salts and collagen * Supports structures * Protects vital structures * Produces blood cells * Stores and releases Ca, P * Attachment sites for muscles * Forms skeleton * Contain osteocytes (bone cells) in lacunae
51
What are the 2 types of bone (Osseous Tissue)?
Compact and Spongy
52
Compact Bone:
* Osteoblasts deposit matrix in lamellae (layers) * Lamellae occur in rings around central canals * Osteocytes + matrix + central canal form cylindrical units called osteons * Osteocytes send out processes into canaliculi, and share blood supply
53
Osteons
* Osteons are cemented together to form compact bone * Central canals contain blood vessels; bone is well-nourished, heals more quickly than cartilage
54
Spongy Bone:
* Makes up interior part of bone * Consists of bony plates containing osteocytes, with space between them for marrow * Lighter in weight than compact bone
55
Blood
Formed elements (cells and fragments) suspended in fluid matrix called plasma Transports substances around body
56
3 Types of formed elements:
* Red blood cells transport gases * White blood cells defend again infection * Platelets help in blood clotting
57
What are Membranes?
Membranes are sheets of cells. Epithelial membranes are composed of epithelial and connective tissue; cover body surfaces and line cavities
58
What are the 3 types of Epithelial membranes? CHECK THIS ONE IN THE POWERPOINT
Serous Membranes Mucous Membranes Cutaneous Membranes Synovial Membranes
59
Serous membranes:
* Line body cavities that do not open to outside of body * Inner linings of thorax and abdomen; covers organs * Simple squamous epithelium + areolar connective tissue * Secrete serous fluid for lubrication, reducing friction
60
Mucous membranes:
* Line cavities and tubes that open to the outside of body * Lining of digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts * Epithelium + areolar connective tissue * Goblet cells secrete mucus
61
Cutaneous membranes:
* Covers body surface * Commonly called skin * Part of integumentary system
62
Synovial membranes:
* Different from epithelial membranes * Composed entirely of connective tissue * Line joint cavities
63
General Characteristics of Membranes:
* Excitable; respond to nervous stimulation * Muscle cells are also called muscle fibers * Contractile; can shorten and thicken
64
3 types of muscle tissue:
skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
65
Skeletal muscle tissue:
* Attached to bones * Striated * Voluntary * Long, cylindrical, multinucleated cells * Stimulated by nerve cells
66
Smooth muscle tissue:
* Non-striated * Spindle-shaped fibers * Walls of hollow organs and blood vessels * Involuntary
67
Cardiac muscle tissue:
* Only in wall of heart * Branching cells * Involuntary * Striated * Intercalated discs, specialized intercellular junctions
68
Nervous tissues:
Found in brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves
69
Neurons
* Main cells, which are specialized for communication, via conduction of nerve impulses (sensory reception, motor control) * Coordinate, integrate, and regulate body functions * Composed of cell body (soma), dendrites, and an axon
70
Neuroglia
Cells that support and nourish neurons
BIO 112 - I GOT THIS!!!
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