BIO 307 > Chapter 5 - Tissues > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Tissues Flashcards

(47 cards)

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1
Q

intro

4 categories of tissues

A
  1. epithelial tissue
  2. connective tissue
  3. nervous tissue
  4. muscular tissue
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2
Q

intro

organ

A

structure with discrete boundaries that is composed of two or more tissue type

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3
Q

intro

histology

A

(microscopic anatomy)
the study of tissues and how they are arranged into organs

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4
Q

primary tissue classes

tissue

A

a group of similar cells and cell products working together to perform a spcific role in an organ

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5
Q

primary tissue classes

matrix (cellular material)

A

composed of:
- fibrous proteins
- clear gel called ground substance: aka called tissue fluid, extracellular fluid or interstitial fluid

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6
Q

tissue sections

histological sections

A

tissue is sliced into thin sections one or two cells thick

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7
Q

tissue sections

stains

A

tissue is mounted on slides and artificially colored with histological stain
- stains bind to different cellular components

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8
Q

longitudinal section (l.s)

A

tissue cut on its long axis

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9
Q

cross-section (c.s. or x.s.) or transverse section (t.s.)

A

tissue cut perpendicular to long axis of organ

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10
Q

oblique section

A

tissue cut at angle between cross and longitudinal sections

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11
Q

tissue sections

smear

A

tissue is rubbed across a slide
ex. blood

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12
Q

tissue sections

spread

A

some membranes and cobwebby tissues are laid out on a slide
ex. areolar tissue

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13
Q

epithelial tissue

epithelia

A

sheets of closely adhering cells, one or more cells thick

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14
Q

epithelial tissue

epithelial tissue

A
  • covers body surfaces and lines body cavities
  • upper surface usually exposed to the environment or an internal space in the body
  • avascular: does not have blood vessels
  • epithelial tissue is usually nourished by connective tissue
  • high rate of mitosis (really fast cell divison)
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15
Q

functions of epithelial tissue

A
  • protect deeper tissues from injury and infection
  • produces and release chemical secretions
  • excrete waste
  • absorb chemicals including nutrients
  • selectively filter substances
  • sensation
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16
Q

epithelial tissue

basement membrane

A

layer between an epithelium and underlying connective tissue
- anchors the epithelium to the connective tissue below it

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17
Q

epithelial tissue

basal surface

A

surface of epithelial cell facing the basement membrane

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18
Q

epithelial tissue

apical surface

A

surface of epithelial cell that faces away from the basement membrane

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19
Q

epithelial tissue

simple epithelia

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A
  • ADD THIS LINE
  • all cells touch basement membrane
20
Q

epithelial tissue

stratified epithelia

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A
  • ADD THIS LINE
  • some cells rest on top of others and do not touch basement membrane
21
Q

simple epithelia

what are the 4 types of epithelia with only 1 layer?

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A
  • simple squamous (thin, scaly cells)
  • simple cuboidal (square or round cells)
  • simple columar (tall, narrow cells)
  • pseudostratified columnar
22
Q

simple epithelium

simple squamous epithelium

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A
  • single row of thin cells
  • permits rapid diffusion or transport of substances
  • locations: alveoli, glomeruli, and endothelium
23
Q

simple epithelium

simple cuboidal epithelium

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A
  • single layer of square or round cells
  • absorption and secreation, mucus production, and movement
  • locations: liver, thyroid, mammary and salivary glands, bronchioles and kidney tubules
24
Q

simple epithelium

simple columnar epithelium

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A
  • single row of tall, narrow cells
  • oval nuclei in basal half of cell
  • brush border (cillia) of microvilli, ciliated in some organs
  • absorption and secretion; secretion of mucus
  • locations: lining of GI tract, uterus, kidney, and uterine tubes
25
# stratified epithelia stratified epithelia
* range from 2 to 20 or more layers of cells * some cells rest directly on others - only the deepest layer attaches to basement membrane
26
# stratified squamous stratified squamous
* most widespread epithelium in the body * deepest layers undergo continuous mitosis - newly produced cells push toward the surface and become flatter as they migrate upward - finally die and flake off: exfoliation 2 types: * keratinized and non-keratinized
27
# stratified squamous keratinized vs non-keratinized
keratinized: found on skin surface, abrasion resistant non-keratinized: lacks surface layer of dead cells
28
# stratified squamous keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
* multiple cell layers; cells become flat and scaly toward surface * resists abrasion; hinders water loss through skin; resists penetration by pathogenic organisms * locations: epidermis (plams and soles heavily keratinized)
29
# stratified squamous keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
* same as keratinized epithelium without surface layer of dead cells * resists abrasion and penetration of pathogens * locations: tongue, orgal mucosa, esophagus, and vagina
30
# stratified epithelium stratified cuboidal epithelium
* two or more cell layers; surface cells square or round * secretes sweat; produces sperm and ovarian hormones * locations: sweat gland ducts, ovarian follicles
31
# connective tissue connective tissue
a diverse, abundant type of tissue in which cells occupy less space than matrix - most cells are not in direct contact with each other Highly variable vasculature - loose connective tissues have many blood cells - cartilage has few or no blood vessels
32
functions of connective tissues
* connecting organs: tendons and ligaments * support: bones and cartilage * physical protection: cranium, ribs, sternum * immune protection: white blood cells attack foreign invaders * movement: bones provide lever system * storage: fat, calcium, phosphorus * heat protection: metabolism of brown fat in infants * transport: blood
33
# fibrous connective tissue - different cell types mast cells
found alongside blood vessels * secrete heparin to inhibit clotting * secrete histamine to dilate blood vessels
34
# fibrous connective tissue - different cell types adipocytes
store triglycerides (fat molecules)
35
# fibrous connective tissue - different cell types fibroblasts
produce fibers and ground substance of matrix
36
# fibrous connective tissue - different cell types macrophages
phagocytosis and activate immune system when they sense foreign matter (antigens)
37
# fibrous connective tissue - different cell types leukocytes
* neutrophils attack bacteria * lymphocytes target bacteria, toxins and other foreign agents
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# fibrous connective tissue - different cell types plasma proteins
antibodies
39
# fibrous connective tissue what 3 fibers compose fibrous connective tissue
1. collagenous fibers 2. reticular fibers 3. elastic fibers
40
# fibrous connective tissue collagenous fibers
* most abundant of the body's proteins (25%) * tough, flexible, and stretch-resistant * tendons, ligaments and deep layer of skin are mostly collagen
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# fibrous connective tissue reticular fibers
thin collagen fibers that form framework of spleen and lymph nodes
42
# fibrous connective tissue elastic fibers
* thinner collagenous fibers that branch and rejoin each other * made with elastin which allows for stretch and recoil
43
# types of fibrous connective tissue loose connective tissue
* much gel-like ground substance between cells * 2 types: 1. Areolar 2. Reticular
44
# types of fibrous connective tissue dense connective tissue
* fibers fill spaces between cells * types vary in fiber orientation - dense regular connective tissue - dense irregular connective tisue
45
areolar tissue
* loosely organized fibers, abundant blood vessels * mostly collagenous fibers, but elastic + reticular also present * found in tissue sections in almost every part of the body * surronds blood vessels and nerves (framework for those vessels) * epithelium rests on a layer of aerolar tissue (areolar provides nutrition to epithelium since epithelium doesnt have blood vessels) * locations: between muscles, passageway for blood vessels and nerves
46
dense regular connective tissue
* densely packed, parallel collagen fibers * elastic tissue forms wavy sheets in some locations * tendons attach muscles to bones and ligaments hold bones together
47
dense irregular connective tissue
Densely packed, randomly arranged, collagen, fibers, and few visible cells With stand unpredictable stresses Found deeper layer of skin
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