Chapter # 5 Ventilation

Question 1

Normal respiratory ranges?

Answer 1

10 - 20 Breaths/minute

Question 2

What can increased respiratory rate?

Answer 2

• Hypoxia (Abnormal low Level of Oxugen in the Blood)
• Hypercapnia (Higher level of carbon Dioxide in the arterial blood usually greater than 45 mmHG)
• Metabolic acidosis ​(excessive acid production)
• Decreased lung compliance
• Exercice

Question 3

Normal Respiratory Rates is increased in:

Answer 3

• Central Nervious System Depression
• CO2 Narcosis

Question 4

CO2 Narcosis is?

Answer 4

A condiction resulting for high levels of Carbon Dioxide in the Blood

(>70 mm Hg or higher)

Question 5

Narcosis is considered when? and what happen to the body?

Answer 5

Is called Narcosis when Carbon Dioxide level go too high, causing confusion, tremors, convultions and coma may occurs when CO2 levels are >70 mm Hg

Question 6

Normal Minute Ventilation ranges VE

Answer 6

5 - 10 L/min

Question 7

What can increased VE?

Answer 7

• Hypoxia
• Hypercapnia
• Metabolic acidosis
• Anxiety
• Exercice
• Final Exam

Question 8

What is Dead Space?

Answer 8

Is the Lung volume that is ventilated but not perfused by pulmonary Capilary blood flow

Question 9

What is expressed using this formula

VD/VT = (PaCO2 - PECO2) X 100

^{<span>P</span>a<span>CO</span>2}

Answer 9

Is the portion of ventilation wasted on the conducting airways and poorly perfussed as a ratio

(Dead Space)

Question 10

This is

VT

Answer 10

Tidal Volume

• (Is Volume of gas inspired or expired during each respiratory cycle)*
• VT= VE/f*

Question 11

This is

f

Answer 11

Respiratory Rate

(Number of breaths per unit of time)

Question 12

This is

VE

Answer 12

Minute Ventilation

(Total volume of gas expired per minute).

V**E = f x V**T

Question 13

VA

Answer 13

Alveolar Ventilation

VA= f (VT** - VD)

Question 14

VD

Answer 14

Dead Space Ventilation

VD= (VD/VT) (VT)**

Question 15

VT will be decreased with:

Answer 15

• Severe restrictive diseases
• Neuromuscular Disorders

Question 16

TRUE or FALSE

Decreased VT is usually accompained by an increased in respiratory rate in order to mantain alveolar ventilation (VA)

Answer 16

TRUE

Question 17

There are two types of Dead Space:

Answer 17

• Alveolar (VDA) (Non-perfused alveoli)
• Anatomic (VDan)(Conducting Airway)

Question 18

• Non-perfussed alveoli is belong to which type of Dead Space?

Answer 18

Alveolar Dead Space

Question 19

Conducting airway is belong to which type of Dead Space?

Answer 19

Anatomic Dead Space

Question 20

TRUE or FALSE

VD = 1 ml/lb of ideal body weight

Answer 20

TRUE

Question 21

VE is measured with?

Answer 21

Minute Ventilation is measured with Volume Displacement or flow-sensing Spirometer

VE = f x VT

Question 22

What is Alveolar Ventilation?

Answer 22

Is the volume of gas exchange in the lungs per minute

VA= VE** - VD

Question 23

TRUE or FALSE

Decreases in both VT and Respiratory rate are often associated with respiratory center depression

Answer 23

TRUE

Question 24

TRUE or FALSE

When VE is used in conjunction with arterial Blood Gases, VE indicates the adequacy of ventilation

Answer 24

TRUE

Question 25

**What is the normal Dead Space ratio (VD/VT) in adults?**

Answer 25

**20% - 40% is a normal range** ***(Normal adult should be in about 30%)***

Question 26

**What can increase the normal Dead space/Alveolar Ventilation ratio?**

Answer 26

* **Pulmonary embolisim** * **Acute Pulmonary Hypertention** * **Decreased Cardiact Output**

Question 27

**What is Ventilatory Response to CO2?**

Answer 27

**Is the measurement of the increase or decrease in *VE* caused by breathing various concentration of carbon dioxide while PaO2 is kept normal**

Question 28

**What can decreased Dead Space/Alveolar Ventilation ratio?**

Answer 28

**Exercise** ***(Increase cardiac output and perfusion*** ***of lung apices)***

Question 29

**What can determine the adequacy of *VA?***

Answer 29

**Alveolar Ventilation can only be determine with an arterial blood gas !**

Question 30

**PCO2 \>45 with PH \<7.35** ## Footnote **This is?**

Answer 30

**Hypoventilation**

Question 31

**PCO2 \< 35 with a PH \>7.45** **This is?**

Answer 31

**Hyperventilation**

Question 32

**Decreased *V******A*****can result from?**

Answer 32

* **Increases in VD** * **​Destruction / dilition airway walls** * **\> FRC (air trapping/Hyperinflaction** * **Bronchodilator** * **Decreased in *VE***

Question 33

**Ventilatory response to Oxygen consist of :**

Answer 33

**Breath 20%-12% of Oxygen through either an open or close circuit while the following are measured: *VE*, PaO2, P100,PetCO2.** **The test is repeated with decreasing concentractions of O2**

Question 34

**What does it mean Ventilatory response to Oxygen?**

Answer 34

**It mean that when PaO2 goes bellow 60 torr, ventilatory response increases by breathing faster.** **When this happen (PaO2 \<60%) peripheral quimoreceptor jump in**

Question 35

**What is the P100?**

Answer 35

**Is the pressure generated during the first 100 milliseconds of inspiratory effort agains an occluded airway**

Question 36

**TRUE or FALSE** ## Footnote **P100, It is a measurement of the neural output from the medullary centers that drive ventilation rate and volume**

Answer 36

**TRUE**

Question 37

**A normal P100 values are?**

Answer 37

**Between 1.5 - 5.0 cm H2O**

Question 38

P100 values will normally increase with:

Answer 38

* **Increase PaCO2 *(\>45, hypercapnia)*** * **Decrease PaO2 *(Hypoxemia)***

Question 39

**What kind of patient will not increase the P100 when the PaCO2 is increased?**

Answer 39

**COPD patients**

Question 40

**Formula to get VA?**

Answer 40

VA = f (VT - VD)

Question 41

**How we get VT?**

Answer 41

VT = VE/f

Question 42

**How we get V****D****/V****T****ratio?**

Answer 42

_VD/VT = PaCO2 - PECO2_ _PaCO2_ *Normal range is between 20% -40%*

Question 43

**How we get VE?**

Answer 43

VE = f x VT