Chapter 6 Flashcards

Question

Titmice + Conclusion

Answer 1

Titmice produce different alarm calls that lead to different behaviors

Answer 2

Nerve endings that respond to an internal or external environmental stimulus

Answer 3

They detect chemical stimuli - Chemoreception includes olfaction and gustation - There are two classes of chemical stimuli: odorants and pheromones

Answer 4

G: detection chemical stimuli O: Sense of smell

Answer 5

Volatile (gaseous) compounds that are species-specific and affect the behaviour of another individual of the same species + interpreted by sense of smell

Answer 6

Disruption in implantation due to presence of a novel male MALE THAT FEMALE NEVER MET – COMES IN EINVROME EGG GETS FERTILS TO SPERM – FETILZIED – MALE COMES ALONG – IMPLANATION IS DISRUPTED

Answer 7

Decrease in time to sexual maturity due to presence of a novel male female reaches sexual maturity sooner

Answer 8

17β-estradiol & testosterone in male urine (Muir et al., 2001) Castrated males lose ability to disrupt pregnancy, unless given 17β-estradiol Females given 17β-estradiol antibodies retain their pregnancy When aromatase (enzyme that helps w/ production of estradiol) inhibitor is administered to an intact male, lose ability to disrupt pregnancy

Answer 9

males _ females – be as distinct / genetically diff as possible Males house on top of females

Answer 10

Y axis – estradiol levels Males exposed to developing females = higher estradiol compared to isolated males Males exposed to developing females had higher output of testosterone in urine Mass difference – sexual difference – males have the effect – pheromones have non-volatile chemicals – testos. + estradiol

Answer 11

1. Fitness interests of signaler and receiver are similar 2. Signals will be accurate when they cannot be faked 3. Signals will be accurate indicators when they are costly to produce or maintain

Answer 12

bright colour morphology in species – stand out from environment + assoc. w/ chemicals / poisons Prey – bight colour Prey + predator – similar interest – done eat me, I don’t want to eat you ( 1. Fitness interests of signaler and receiver are similar. Fitness interests of predator and prey are similar)

Answer 13

Why are dendrobatid frogs brightly colored?

Answer 14

The bright reddish-orange body colour with blue appendages is an aposematic signal Frogs with bright reddish-orange body colour attacked less often than brown-colored frogs

Answer 15

Created models of: Dendrobatid frog (Oophaga pumilio) Brown leaf-litter frogs from genus Craugastor that do not contain poisons - Placed 800 frog models on forest floor or white paper - After 48 hours collected models and recorded predation attempts

Answer 16

Over 12% of models attacked Brown models attacked twice as often as brightly colored models Conclusion: Bright colouration is an aposematic signal to predators that prey are unpalatable **Brown – could also camouflage – also some an advantage – why all animals are not bright

Answer 17

a. Do male wolf spider leg raises provide an accurate signal to females? b. Good-condition males will display at a higher rate than poor-condition males. (Signals will be accurate when they cannot be faked - only large males produce low vocalizations)

Answer 18

Collected 60 juvenile male and 60 juvenile female spiders and raised them in the lab for three weeks. Poor-condition treatment (PC) spiders were fed one cricket twice per week. Good-condition treatment (GC) spiders were fed four crickets twice per week. * Measured male courtship rate in a cylindrical arena * Repeated the trial for the next three days using the same individuals to test for consistency

Answer 19

GC males displayed at higher rates than PC males. - prob more hunrgy Display rate was consistent across the sample, except for GC males mated to PC females.

Answer 20

Mate condition affects male courtship display rate and is an accurate signal of male quality and fitness.

Answer 21

High display rate in males indicates high quality. b. Females mated to males with high leg display rates will have higher reproductive success.

Answer 22

): Mated females with males in two groups: (1) Males with high leg display rates (5.9 leg raises/min) (2) Males with low leg display rates (3.0 leg raises/min) Measured the number of spiderlings and their survival

Answer 23

Females mated to males with a high display rate had more spiderlings and higher offspring survival than females mated to males with a low display rate

Answer 24

Mate condition affects male courtship display rate and is an accurate signal of male quality and fitness

Answer 25

When the Fitness interests of Signaler & Receiver Differ Co-evolutionary arms race

Answer 26

Signalers are selected to produce signals that affect the behaviour of receivers, and receivers are selected for better discrimination abilities

Answer 27

Adaptive resemblance of one species (the mimic) to another (the model

Answer 28

The resemblance of a palatable mimic to an unpalatable model that predators have learned to avoid.

Answer 29

Observation: Palatable yellow-eyed, Ensatina, salamander resembles a toxic newt Research question: Is the yellow-eyed salamander a Batesian mimic? (Kuchta, Krakauer, & Sinervo 2008) Hypothesis: The yellow-eyed salamander is a mimic of aposematic newts in the genus Taricha

Answer 30

different days had different feeding patterns

Answer 31

Seven of ten jays did not touch toxic model All birds contacted palatable Ensatina subspecies more quickly than yellow-eyed salamander

Answer 32

Yellow-eyed salamanders effectively mimics toxic newt and so is a Batesian mimic

Answer 33

The bright leaves of the venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) attract insects in the same way as flowers. The Spotted Predatory Katydid (Chlorobalius leucoviridis) is an acoustic aggressive mimic of cicadas

Answer 34

A third-party individual that detects a signal transmitted between a signaler and a receiver

Answer 35

Occurs when the presence of bystanders influences the behaviour of a signaler

Answer 36

Observation: Male fighting fish are highly aggressive and compete for territories and mates. Research question (1): How does the sex of the audience affect male display behaviour? Research question (2): How does familiarity with an opponent influence male display behaviour?

Answer 37

Examined aggressive behaviour of focal male as it interacted with familiar or unfamiliar opponent male when male, female, or no bystander present Placed matched males in adjacent tanks with opaque partition Familiar treatment – removed partition for 10 minutes Audience was male or female or no bystander Removed partitions and recorded male display at opponent

Answer 38

Males displayed highest rate of gill flaring toward unfamiliar opponents with male audience present Males displayed highest rate of tail beats when female audience present – signaling females Conclusion: Signaling behaviour is affected by presence of audience

Answer 39

- within species - less common 1) intra interaction = more common - indiv. learn to ognore inacc. signals faster 2) natural selection favours recievers that discriminate from inacc. signals

Answer 40

- spot pread - emit snort vocalizations, stare in direction w/ ears pricked up -females vist multiple male terroties - mate several times - males give calls when no pred are around when females are around - "decive" female to stay

Answer 41

The hypothesis that males will produce deceptive signals to females in order to enhance their own reproduction.

Answer 42

researchers observed the behavior of 53 estrus and 20 non-estrus female recorded the territorial location of the female, all matings, alarm snorts recorded all alarm snorts to determine whether true alarm snorts—those produced when a predator was actually present and false alarm snorts differed in acoustic structure

Answer 43

that alarm snorts given in the presence of predators were acoustically identical to false alarm snorts given in the absence of predators. The researchers observed that false alarms were most likely to be given when an estrus + trying to leave *females cannot distinguish the difference

Answer 44

- studies single group - around 24 monkets - unique facial marks -Two or more "hiccup calls" indicate a high level of danger and often elicit antipredator behavior -food patches consisting of one to six platforms suspended in tree branches several meters off the ground -capuchins produce inaccurate alarm calls to distract others so that they can gain access to clumped food - used sparingly - so they arent overused=ignored

Answer 45

A signal expressed beyond the body of an individual that often includes modification of the environment. - continue functioning in absence of signaler

Answer 46

Construct stick structure - attract mates Hypothesis - bower functions - signals of male quality Quantity of decorations correlates with male quality

Answer 47

22 male birds - over 2 years recorded # of decor in bower + # of copopulations Top 5 males - over 50% of copop. Results: Suggest bower function as signal of male quality

Answer 48

RQ: are nest decorations an extended phenotype signal Methods: Males built nest - add decorations Control: one piece of algae All females preferred males whose nest - decorated + Mated w/ decorated nest

Answer 49

comm. system involving a singaler, reciever, bystander

Answer 50

H: sq. might alter feeding behaviour for diff food items - depend on whether jays were close/ away M: food patches - food was mixed into pea gravel - forced to dig Jays vocalize technique to defend faith All nuts that remained @ the end of the day - GUD=giving up density R: Jays are nearby - sq. reduce the amount of effort they double to acquiring catchable food - more likely to be lost if caught

Answer 51

RQ: can males use the vocalization of others to asses for level of predation risk? M: 10 minutes - acclimation periods - specific calls played - playbacks continued Minutes 17-25 - 4 treatments 1. silence 2. repeated co specific call 3. repeated call of lig.. 4. repeated isolated call of eosose frog R: shortest latency + highest call rate -2,3,4,1 C: Eavesdrop on sympatric + heterospefific vocal signal - asses predation risk

Chapter 6 Flashcards

(75 cards)