What is the hard calcified tissue of bone?
osseous tissue
What are the 2 forms of osseous tissue?
Spongy Bone –> Found on the interior of the bone
Compact bone –> solidly filled with opaque matrix which encloses spongy bone.
What are the cells of the bones?
- Osteogenic Cells –> Occurs on bone surface below periosteum. stem cells capable of making more cells
- Osteoblasts –> lie in a single layer on bone surface. Synthesize organic matter of bone. Has an abundance of Mitochondria and Rough ER
- Osteocytes –> former osteoblasts. trapped in deposited matrix, reside in lacunae.
- Osteoclasts –> Bone dissolving cells with multiple nuclei. lies on pits on bone surface.
Most bones of limbs specialized for leverage and movement are called _________
Long bones
The shaft of the long bone is called the
Diaphysis –> provides leverage
The head of the long bone is called the
Epiphysis –> expands and strengthens joints
What are features of flat bones?
- protective plates covering organs (e.g. sternum and heart, cranial bones and brain)
- May provide attachment surfaces for muscles
Short bones are considered ____?
wrist bones
Irregular bones would be ____?
Vertebrae
What is periosteum?
Fibrous sheath covering the bone.. covers both sides of the flat bones
What is Endosteum?
Covers the internal surface of bones
What are the 2 kinds of ossification?
Intramembranous ossification –> Produces flat bones of the skull and clavicle. Plays a role in thickening, strengthening, and remodeling of bone
Endochondrial ossification –> Produces most other bones (e.g. vertebra, ribs and pelvic bones, limbs and parts of the skull) Mensenchyme is first transformed into hyaline cartilage. Cartilage broken down and replaced by osseous tissue
What are 2 types of bone growth?
interstitial growth –> Chondrocytes multiply, enlarge, and secrete new matrix. occur in episyeal plate. Adds length until plate depleted.
Appositional Growth –> Only type in mature bone. New matrix deposited on tissue surface. Occurs by intramembraneous ossification
What is Hypocalcemia?
Calcium deficiency; causes muscle tremors; causes inability of muscles to relax
What is Hypercalcemia?
Depresses cardiac, muscular, and cardiac function
What are the 3 Joint classifications?
1) Fibrous Joints (Synarthrosis) –> 3 kinds SUTURE (fibrous joint between bones of skull e.g. coronal) SYDESMOSIS (allow for pronation and supination in forearm) and GOMPHOSIS (binds teeth to jaw bones)
2) Cartilaginous Joints (Ampiarthrosis) –> SYNCHONDROSIS (attachment of rib 1 to sternum), SYMPHYSIS (Pubic Symphysis)
3) Synovial Joints (Diarthrosis) –> Shoulder, elbow, hip and knee; most likely to develop dysfuncations
What are the accessory parts of synovial joints?
- Tendon –> Attaches muscle to bone
- Ligament –> Attaches one bone to another
- Bursa –> Filled with synovial fluid; cushions muscles and helps tendons slide
Describe Ball and Socket joints?
- At shoulder and hips
- ONLY MULTIAXIAL Joints of skeleton
Describe Ball and Socket joints?
- At shoulder and hips
- ONLY MULTIAXIAL Joints of skeleton
Describe Condylar Joints?
- Biaxial
- between phalanges and metacarpals
Describe Condylar Joints?
- Biaxial
- between phalanges and metacarpals
Describe Saddle Joints
- Concave in one direction, convex in the other
- Biaxial
- between trapezium and metacarpal at thumb
- between clavicle and sternum
Describe Saddle Joints
- Concave in one direction, convex in the other
- Biaxial
- between trapezium and metacarpal at thumb
- between clavicle and sternum
Describe Plane (gliding) joints
- Usually biaxial
- movements complex
- e.g. between wrist and ankle bones
