What are the four features common to all cells?
Plasma membrane, DNA, ribosomes, cytosol.
Which domains contain prokaryotes?
Bacteria and Archaea.
Where is DNA located in prokaryotic cells?
In the nucleoid (not membrane-bound).
What limits the size of a cell?
The surface area-to-volume ratio.
What is the role of ribosomes?
Protein synthesis.
What does the plasma membrane consist of?
A phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins (channels, pumps).
What are the four functional categories of organelles?
Genetic control
manufacturing
distribution
breakdown
energy processing
structural support
movement
communication.
Which organelles are part of the endomembrane system?
Nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, plasma membrane.
What are the functions of the Rough ER?
Produces glycoproteins, distributes transport vesicles, membrane factory.
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
Modifies, sorts, and ships proteins; manufactures macromolecules.
(Fedex)
What are the functions of the Smooth ER?
Synthesizes lipids
metabolizes carbohydrates
detoxifies drugs/poisons
stores calcium
What do lysosomes do?
Digest macromolecules using hydrolytic enzymes at acidic pH.
(recycling/garbage center)
What is the function of mitochondria?
Site of cellular respiration; generate ATP.
What are the three types of vacuoles and their roles?
Food vacuoles (phagocytosis), contractile vacuoles (pump water), central vacuole in plants (storage, growth).
What is the function of chloroplasts?
Site of photosynthesis; contain thylakoids, grana, and stroma.
What do peroxisomes do?
Break down fatty acids, detoxify alcohol, convert H₂O₂ to water.
What are the three types of cytoskeleton fibers?
Microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments.
What are the roles of microtubules?
Cell shape
organelle movement
chromosome separation
form cilia/flagella.
What are the roles of microfilaments?
Support cell shape
motility (pseudopodia)
cytoplasmic streaming
microvilli structure.
What are the roles of intermediate filaments?
Maintain cell shape, anchor organelles, provide permanent structure.
