Chapter 6

Question 1

Populations of Homo erectus arrived in Java, Indonesia

Answer 1

as early as 1.8 mya

Question 2

Sahul

Answer 2

connection in landmasses in Australia, Tasmania, and New Guinea in lowest sea level during that time period

Question 3

Sunda

Answer 3

landmasses connecting Southeast Asia (Vietnam, Malaysia, Philippines, and most of Indonesia)

Question 4

Wallacea Island

Answer 4

separated Sahul and Sunda was too deep to have ever been dry land in the past 50 million years

Question 5

The Wallace Line

Answer 5

the line that separates the unique animals and plants of Australia (Sahul) from those of Southeast Asia (Sunda)
- humans had to cross the line by sea to reach Australia

Question 6

Flores in Wallacea

Answer 6

Homo Erectus fossils were found from 900,000-800,000 years ago

Question 7

Homo floresiensis

Answer 7

hominis date back between 100,000-60,000 years ago was found on Flores Islands

• much smaller in size (results of long-term isolation on an island with limited food and nutrition)
• tools were very simple and used flakes as cores
• not distinct species but rather microcephaly (smaller head size)

Question 8

Humans arrival in Austraila

Answer 8

60,000-50,000 years ago (10,000 years before arriving in Europe)

Question 9

Possile Scenarios for the people of Asutraila

Answer 9

• Modern humans migrating out of Africa were capable of sea voyages and had already spread far beyond Africa
• Multiregional hypothesis: modern humans evolved locally from Homo erectus inEast Asia, while another modern humans group evolved fromHomo erectus in Africa
• Multiple dispersals of modern humans out of Africa occurred and those arriving to Australia followed the same coastal route used by Homo Erectus to get to Java

Question 10

Extinction of Megafauna

Answer 10

in Australia took place between 50,000-40,000 years ago (took place 10,000 years after the first arrival of humans in Australia)

Question 11

Glacial maximum

Answer 11

climate change occurred 20,000-15,000 years ago (extinction took place before that)

Question 12

Human Activity

Answer 12

little evidence for hunting of megafauna by humans and little evidence for highly sophisticated hunting weapons

Question 13

Altered the ecology

Answer 13

by using fire to smoke animals to hunt, which destroyed the grasses and other food sources for megafauna (still used by Aboriginal peoples in the 1800s)

Question 14

Rock art

Answer 14

popular form of expression early on in peopling of Australia

- highly developed mythological and ritual trditional

Question 15

x-ray style

Answer 15

applying beeswax to rock-shelter wall and often the depicted internal bone structure

Question 16

Ubirr

Answer 16

figure shows various equiment carried by hunter-gatherer aboriginal people in Kakadu National Park in Australia

Question 17

Micronesia and Polynesia

Answer 17

first spread out around 35,000 years ago

Question 18

Obsidian and bones

Answer 18

not a one-time chance voyage likely was sustained trade between the various islands

Question 19

Lapita

Answer 19

style of pottery 3,500 years ago spread across the region

Question 20

Strict rules of inheritance

Answer 20

favored the firstborn child (motivated younger siblings to seek their own”house” and traveled a new lands

Question 21

Advanced seafaring

Answer 21

explain the migration

Question 22

3 current Models for Human Occupation of the “Americas”

Answer 22

• Clovis first model (the Clovis culture is considered the first humans occupation of the “New World” 13,500-12,500 years ago)
• Pre-Clovis Model (human occupation of the “Americas” predates 13,500 years ago)
• Early arrival model (humans arrived by 30,000 years ago)

Question 23

Clovis first model

Answer 23

• 1932, CLOVIS, NM at Blackwater Draw spearpoints were found underneath a level of bison remains and Folsom points
• were found with mammoth and horse bones, and are slightly different from Folsom points
• since been found on a large number of sites across North America
• evidence of the earliest human occupation of the “Americans”
• 13,5000-12,500 years ago

Question 24

Clovis first model migration

Answer 24

from Siberia to North America via the Beringia land bridge when the global sea levels dropped during a period of glacial advance

Question 25

Ice-free corridor

Answer 25

traveled from Alaska to the Great Plains between the western Cordilleran glacier and eastern Laurentide glacier - hard for humans to survive in this zone - no cosistent chronological pattern from Siberia to NM some points in Alaska are younger than NM

Question 26

Meadowcroft Rockshelter

Answer 26

western Pennsylvania with 11 natural levels that dates between 23,000-15,000 years ago (might have been carried by grounwater)

Question 27

Monte Verde, Chile

Answer 27

occupied that dates to 15,000 years ago and includes oddly preseved organic remains (animal meat, rope, wood)

Question 28

Coastal Migration

Answer 28

suggest that people migrated along the ice-land, which wounld explain why older remains are found in Chile than the Great Plains

Question 29

Early Arrival model

Answer 29

first appeared in the "Americas" as early as 50,000 years ago - earlierst occupied in Siberia dates to only 30,000 years ago

Question 30

Genetic testing

Answer 30

few remains that exist older than 9,000 years ago | - the few remains the exist and of living Native Ameriacan populations reveal strong support for pre-Clovis model

Question 31

Beringian Standstill Hypothesis

Answer 31

population was issolated around 25,000 years ago and around 16,000 years ago when the ice sheets retreated ad rapidly dispersed in "Americas"

Question 32

Megafauna extinction

Answer 32

occured at the smae time as the Clovis period | - 17 genera megafauna became extince between 13,250-12,900 years ago

Question 33

Paleoindian time period

Answer 33

Clovis (13,500-12,5000) and Folsom (12,600-12,200) time periods combined

Question 34

Archaic Period

Answer 34

follows paleoindian period and shift to increase reliance on smaller animals and plants foods

Question 35

Systematic burial

Answer 35

dead also is evidenced in the archaic period

Question 36

Middle and Late Archaic

Answer 36

around 8,000 years aog was increased emphasis on collecting shellfish in the southeast U.S. area

Question 37

Newnans Lake, Flordia

Answer 37

drought in 2000 lowered the lake and reveled 42 Late Archaic conoes

Question 38

Mound buildings

Answer 38

practice in the Archaic period