Chapter 6

Question 1

What internal variables affect health practice?

Answer 1

• Developmental age and stage
• Intellectual background
• Perception of functioning
• Emotional and spiritual factors

Question 2

What external variables affect health practice?

Answer 2

• Family practices
• Psychosocial and socioeconomic factors
• Cultural background

Question 3

Primary prevention

Answer 3

• AKA true prevention
• Precedes disease or dysfunction and is applied to patients considered physically and emotionally healthy
• Lowers chance that a disease will develop
• Examples: immunizations, healthy choices, health questionnaires (screening for risk factors), education

Question 4

Secondary prevention

Answer 4

• Focuses on individuals who are experiencing health problems or illnesses and are at risk for developing complications or worsening conditions
• Diagnosis during early stage and prompt intervention
• Examples: Screenings for disease, acute care, regular exams

Question 5

Tertiary prevention

Answer 5

• Occurs when a defect or disability is permanent and irreversible
• Involves minimizing the effects of long-term disease or disability
• Examples: rehabilitation, intensive care, support groups

Question 6

Risk factors

Answer 6

Factors that increase the vulnerability of an individual or group to an illness or accident

Question 7

What are the 4 categories of risk factors?

Answer 7

1. Age
2. Genetics
3. Environment
4. Lifestyle

Question 8

What is evidence-based practice?

Answer 8

Use of current best evidence from nursing research, clinical expertise, practice trends, and patient preferences to guide nursing decisions about care provided to patients

Question 9

What are the 5 stages of the transtheoretical model of change?

Answer 9

1. Pre-contemplation
   - No intention to take action, unaware of problem
2. Contemplation
   - Aware of unhealthy choice, intend to change in next six months
3. Preparation
   - Ready to take action in next thirty days, making small changes
4. Action
   - Behaviors changed over past six months
5. Maintenance
   - Stuck to new behavior and intend to continue (begins six months after action has started and continues indefinitely)