Chapter 6 (Lipids)

Question 1

Most lipids in the body are _____ and stored in ______ tissue

Answer 1

triglycerides; adipose

Question 2

What are the three classifications of lipids?

Answer 2

triglycerides, phosolipids, and sterols (steroids)

Question 3

What are triglycerides made out of?

Answer 3

glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Question 4

What type of reaction forms a triglyceride?

Answer 4

condensation

Question 5

What are the two types of fatty acids?

Answer 5

saturated and unsaturated

Question 6

Saturated fats tend to form _____, and unsaturated fats tend to form _____

Answer 6

solids; liquids

Question 7

What classifies a saturated fatty acid?

Answer 7

it contains carbons in a chain that are ALL bond to two hydrogens (all the hydrogen it can have) - all single carbon bonds

Question 8

What classifies an unsaturated fatty acid?

Answer 8

it contains carbons in a chain that are NOT all bonded to two hydrogen (not all the hydrogens it can have) - some double carbon bonds

Question 9

What are the two essential fatty acids (unsaturated)?

Answer 9

omega 3 and omega 6

Question 10

Why are essential fatty acids important?

Answer 10

human cells lack enzymes required to make these essential fatty acids, so we must acquire them through our diets

Question 11

What do omega 3 and omega 6 make?

Answer 11

eicosanoids

Question 12

What are eicosanoids?

Answer 12

compounds that regulate blood clotting, blood pressure, and immune function

Question 13

What are some functions of triglycerides/lipids? (six)

Answer 13

determines body shape, stored energy, insulation, lubricant, protection, aid in fat-soluble vitamin absorption

Question 14

What classifies trans fat?

Answer 14

chemically altered bonds, double carbon bonds (like in unsaturated fats) but remain straight (like saturated fats)

Question 15

What is the pointer to trans fat? (found on ingredients)

Answer 15

partially hydrogenated oils

Question 16

What are phosolipids?

Answer 16

main component of cell membranes (lipid bilayer within membranes)

Question 17

What are sterols (steroids)?

Answer 17

carbon arranged in rings

Question 18

What is the most well-known sterol?

Answer 18

cholesterol

Question 19

What are some functions of sterols?

Answer 19

steroid hormones, bile, cell membranes, and lipoprotein shelll

Question 20

Where do sterols come from?

Answer 20

liver and foods from animal origin (cholesterol)

Question 21

Where is fat digested?

Answer 21

small intestine

Question 22

Where is fat absorbed?

Answer 22

small intestine

Question 23

Where are short and medium chain fatty acids absorbed into?

Answer 23

the blood

Question 24

Where are long chain fatty acids absorbed into?

Answer 24

lymphatic system

Question 25

Fat is transported as _______

Answer 25

lipoproteins

Question 26

What are lipoproteins?

Answer 26

molecule made to transport lipids within the blood

Question 27

What are lipoproteins shells composed of?

Answer 27

proteins, phosolipids, and cholesterol

Question 28

What are the types of lipoproteins?

Answer 28

chylomicrons, VLDLs, LDLs, and HDLs,

Question 29

What do chylomicrons do?

Answer 29

transport dietary triglycerides

Question 30

What does VLDL stand for?

Answer 30

very low density lipoproteins

Question 31

What do VLDLs do?

Answer 31

produced by the liver to carry triglycerides

Question 32

What does LDL stand for?

Answer 32

low density lipoproteins

Question 33

What do LDLs do?

Answer 33

take cholesterol to cells, from liver

Question 34

What does HDL stand for?

Answer 34

high density lipoproteins

Question 35

What do HDLs do?

Answer 35

pick up and recycle/dispose of cholesterol

Question 36

LDLs are known as _____ cholesterol, and HDLs are known as _____ cholesterol

Answer 36

bad; good

Question 37

What happens when an excess amount of LDLs are taken up by the cells?

Answer 37

oxidization

Question 38

______ blood cells remove oxidized LDLs

Answer 38

white

Question 39

LDLs can _____ open, which spills _______ onto the lining of the _______

Answer 39

spill; lipids; arteries

Question 40

The process of LDLs and spillage of lipids can lead to what?

Answer 40

atherosclerosis

Question 41

What is atherosclerosis?

Answer 41

build of of plaque (fatty deposits) along the walls of the arteries, which block blood flow causing major heart complications

Question 42

What is the #1 killer within the US?

Answer 42

cardiovascular disease

Question 43

What are some independent risk factors of cardiovascular disease? (four)

Answer 43

age, gender, race, and genetics

Question 44

What are some dependent risk factors of cardiovascular disease? (seven)

Answer 44

blood cholesterol levels, blood triglyceride levels, hypertension, smoking, physical activity, obesity, and diabetes

Question 45

As prevention of cardiovascular disease, what should total fat intake be (% of energy)?

Answer 45

20-35%

Question 46

As prevention of cardiovascular disease, what should saturated fat intake be (% of energy)?

Answer 46

<7 %

Question 47

As prevention of cardiovascular disease, should trans fat be consumed?

Answer 47

No

Question 48

As prevention of cardiovascular disease, what should the daily intake of cholesterol be?

Answer 48

<200 mg daily